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BIOL 1102 Exam Three
Muscles and Movement
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is first opened in response to vibrations from sound waves entering the cochlea via the oval window | mechanically gated K+ channels |
| What causes the hair cells to depolarize | movement of K+ into hair cells NOT due to concentration but instead electric charge |
| What does the movement of K+ into hair cells do | depolarizaation, open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels |
| What does opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels do | induce the release of excitatory glutamate to neurons leading to the brain |
| What are the functions of a skeelton | supports the body of an organism, transmits forces generated by muscles, protects the organism, contributes to locomation |
| What three skeletons exist on the organismal level | exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton |
| What skeleton exists on the cellular level | cytoskeleton |
| What type of skeleton do soft-bodied invertebrates use | hydrostatic skeleton |
| How do sea anemones change shape | contract longitudinal and circular muscles in the body wall to compress the fluid in the body cavity |
| What is one example of a fluid-filled space in vertebrate bodies | discs between vertebrae |
| How do earthworms move | hydrostatic support of each segment to change shape by contracting longitudinal and circular muscles |
| How does the hardness of an exoskeleton contribute to an organism | serves and structure AND protection for an organism |
| What can occur during the molting process of an organism's exoskeleton | vulnerable to predation and disease |
| What is one difference between endoskeleton versus exoskeleton | endoskeletons are made of cells -> can grow and heal themselves unlike exoskeletons |
| Where was the endoskeleton first evoutionarily and how did it change | first evolving in cartilaginous fishes and evolved to become mineralized with calcium |
| What part of the endoskeleton evolved first | axial skeleton evolved first as protective structure |
| What part of the endoskeleton was important to evolve during the transition from water to land | appendicular skeleton |
| What are four types of animal tissues | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue |
| What are the four functions of epithelial tissue | protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration |
| Where does epithelial tissue protect | forms protective covering and linings |
| How are epithelial tissues packed | tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular space |
| How are epithelial tissue organized | asymmetrically, exhibit cell polarity |
| What are the three functions of connective tissue | support, protection, and binding structures |
| What is the connective tissue known for | most abundant and diverse tissue type |
| How connective tissue packed | cells dispersed within extensive extracellular matrix |
| What do connective tissue contain | fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) |
| What are the three functions of muscle tissue | movement, posture, circulation |
| What are muscle tissues specialized for | specialized for contraction and expansion |
| What do muscle tissue contain | actin and myosin filaments |
| What are the three types of muscle tissu | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| What are the two functions of nervous tissue | signal processing and communication |
| What are nervous tissue specialized for | signal transmission |
| What are nervous tissue composed of | neurons and supporting cells |
| Are skeletal muscle striated and voluntary? | yes |
| Are cardiac muscle striated and voluntary? | striated BUT involuntary |
| Are smooth muscle straited and voluntary | NOT striated and NOT voluntay |
| What wraps up the whole cell | epimysium |
| What are the cell bundles of skeletal muscle called | fascicles, and covered with a layer of perimysium |
| What connects muscle to bone | tendon |
| What are individual muscle cells separated by | layer of endomysium within he fascicle |
| How do muscle cells contract | using contractile myofibrils, contract to generate force |
| What are myofibrils anchored to | each other and the sarcolemma |
| What are myofibrils composed of | sarcoomeres arranged end-to-end |
| What are thin filament myofibrils composed of | double-helix of actin lined ith tropomyosin and studded with troponin |
| What are thick filaments of myofibrils composed of | bundles of myosin dimers: coiled-coils, each coil has a head and tail domain |
| What are sarcomere made of | interacting with thick and thin filaments |
| What are thin filaments directly anchored to | z-disc |
| What are thick filaments indirectly anchored to | z-disk via their connection tot he large protein titin |
| What holds thick filaments togther at the center of sarcomere | M-line |
Created by:
goldengalleon