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BIOL 1102 Exam Three
Sensory Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do sensory systems do | turn stimuli into electrical impulses |
| What are the eight sensory systems | taste, smell, vision, hearing, tactile, proprioceptive, vestibular, interoception |
| What are the five steps in sensory systems | signal, collection, transduction, processing, action |
| What system processes all sensations | central nervous systems |
| What makes up the CNS | brain and spinal chord |
| What are the major nerves | 12 pairs connected to the brain, 43 to the spinal chord |
| How does sensing begin | receptor proteins on the cell surface |
| How do chemoreceptors receive and cause something | chemoreceptors receive a chemical signal and cause an ion channel to open |
| How do mechanoreceptors receive and cause something | detect physical forces, causes an ion channel to open |
| How do photoreceptors receive and cause something | respond to electromagnetic radiation, typically the ion channel closes |
| What are the two categorizes of receptors | ionotropic or metabotropic |
| What type of channels are ionotropic receptors | ion channels |
| What does activation of ionotropic receptors do | produce a rapid response to stimulus |
| What type of channels are metabotropic receptors | NOT ion channels, but rather conected to ion channels through intracellular signaling cascade |
| How do metabotropic receptors activate | action is slower and longer-lasting than ionotropic receptors, often associated with changes to cellular state |
| What is transduction | conversion of external stimulus to an internal signal - in the form of membrane potential changes (usually AP) along with sensory neurons |
| What is the general pathway through which a signal is transduced and transmitted | sensory cell transduces a mechanical stimulus to an action potential -> moves along the neuron cell to convey the signal toa. distant part of the cell -> at terminal, action potential is transduced into chemical signal -> post-synaptic cell transduces |
| What type of receptors mediate hearing | mechanoreceptors |
| What is the mechanical stimulus in hearing | sound waves traveling through the air, exerting pressure on auditory structures |
| What type of wave is sound | longitudinal wave |
| What are the three parts of the ear | outer, middle, and inner |
| What is the function of the outer ear and where is it | collects sound waves, external to the eardrum (tympanic membrane) |
| What is the function of the middle ear and where is it | transmits sound waves through the vibration of the ossicles |
| Where did ossicles evolve from | small bones that evolved from fish jawbones |
| What is the function of the inner ear and where does it lead to | sound is transduced from a mechanical to an electrical signal, which is transmitted via auditory nerve |
| Where does hearing occur | cochlea |
| What is structure of the cochlea | bony chamber, lined with epithelium |
| What does the cochlea connect to | cochlear nerve |
| What is the cochlear labyrinth continouos/connect with | vestibular labryrinth |
| What are the three ducts of the cochlea filled with fluid | central cochlear duct, upper canal, lower canal |
| What are the types of fluid filled int the cochlea duct | endolymph in the central cochlear duct, perilymph in the upper and lower canal |
| What is in the perilymph | high in nutrients, as well as Na+ ions, conducts sound waves received through the oval window |
| What is in teh endolymph | high in K+, like the intracellular environment |
| What is used to depolarize the cell membrane of hair cells | K+ NOT Na+ |
| Where are the hair cells located in the cochle | spiral organ of the Corti |
| Where is the organ of the Corti locatd | on the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct, an embedded into the tectorial membrane |
| What transduce the signal on the hair cells | mechanoreceptors |
| Where are mechanoreceptors located on the hair cells | stereocilia of hair cells |
| What do mechanoreceptors open to | response to the relative movements of the basilar and tectorial memrbanes |
| What is the neurotransmittor that is passed onto bilpolar sensory neurons | glutamate |
| Where are higher pitches sounds processed | closer to the base of the cochlea |
| Where are lower pitched sounds processed | closer to the apex (center) |
| Why do higher and lower pitches processed where hey are | basilar membrane is thicker and stiffera t the base, but thinner and more flexible at the apex |
| What is common between vertebrates and cephalopods concerning vision | both have lens, cornea, iris, and retina |
| What does flatform Planaria use to sense light | simple photoreceptors |
| What do insects use to sense light | hundreds of ommatidia - each with a lense that sense light |
| What type of receptors absorb light in the back of the retina | rods and cons |
| What is a structural difference between rods and cons | rods have blunt ends and cones have tapered ends |
| What are opsins | transmembrane proteins that are linked to a photosensitive pigment - retinal |
| What type of receptors are opsins | metabotropic receptors in the class of G-protein coupled receptors |
| How does the energy from the light wave affect retinal | enegy from light wave isomerizes cis-retinal to trans-retinal -> initiates a signaling cascade in the cell |
| Where are opsins embedded | in the membranes of the outer cell segment |
| What does rhodopsin do | converts a light signal to an electrical signal |
| How does rhodospin conversion can be reversed | arrestin protein can deactivate opsin |
| in the dark, what state are photoreceptors typically in | constantly in a depolarized state |
| What do photoreceptors do in the dark | always release a neutrotransmitter to its downstram partner -> bipolar cell |
| What happens when a rhodopsin is activated and not in the dark | begins a signaling cascade, using transducin -> activates a phosphodieseterase (PDE) |
| What does PDE do | degrades cGMP |
| What is cGMP | ligand that opens a Na+ channel -> no cGMP -> closed channel -> hyperpolarization -> signal shuts off |
| What is the response to light from photoreceptors | hyperpolerization |
| What do photoreceptors release as their neurotransmitter when there is no light | glutamate, has an inhibitory effect on the downstream bipolar cell |
| What are the three types of cones | blue/short, green/medium, and red/long (named after the wavelengths of light they are the mos sensitive to) |
| What are the four other cells of the retina that help with vision | bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, ganglion cells |
| What do bipolar cells do | neurons that are intermediaries between the photoreceptor cells and the ganglion cells -> they transmit graded potentials |
| What do amacrine cells do | inhibitory interneurons that generaly lack axons and serve to modulate the signals produced by bipolar cells |
| What do horizontal cells do | inhibitory neurons that modulate the transmission of photoreceptors signals |
| What do ganglion cells do | multipolar cells, send action potentials into their brain |
| What do the axons of ganglion cells form | the optic nerve |
Created by:
goldengalleon