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Psych Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Downsizing | the intentional reduction of an organization's workforce or resources, often as part of a boarder restructuring process. |
| Hawthorne effect | A phenomenon in which people alter their behavior or performance in response to being observed or receiving attention from researchers or survivors |
| Human factors psychology | The scientific study of the interactions between people and the systems they use, focusing on optimizing human performance and enhancing user experience. |
| Industrial psychology | The scientific study of human behavior in the workplace, aimed at improving employee performance, well-being, and organizational effectiveness |
| Organizational Culture | A distinctive pattern of thought and behavior shared by members of the same organization, reflected in their language, values, attitudes, beliefs, and customs. |
| Organizational psychology | The study of human behavior in the workplace |
| Performance appraisal | The systematic evaluation of an employee's job performance and contribution to an organization |
| Transactional leadership style | A style of leadership in which the emphasis is on ensuring that followers accomplish tasks through a sysem of exchange relationship. |
| Transformational leadership style | A leadership style in which leaders inspire, motivate, and develop followers to exceed their own expectations and achieve extraordinary outcomes while also fostering personal and professional growth |
| Biofeedback | A mid-body technique that teaches individuals to control bodily functions, such as heart rate, muscle tension, and breathing patterns, by using visual or auditory feedback |
| Cortisol | A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a central role in the body's stress response and regulation of mood, cognition, and physiological functions |
| Eustress | A positive form of stress that motivates, energizes, and enhances performance, arising from challenging but manageable situations. |
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) | The body's three-stage physiological response to prolonged stress, first described by Hungarian-born Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye in the 1930s |
| Primary appraisal | The first step in evaluating a situation, where you decide if it is a threat, a challenge, or irrelevant to you. |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | An interdisciplinary field that studies the connections between the mind, nervous system, and immune system |
| Secondary appraisal | The evaluation of available resources and coping options to manage a potentially stressful situation, determining whether sufficient resources exist to handle the stressor |
| Type A | A behavioral pattern characterized by chronic competitiveness, high achievement motivation, impatience, and a strong sense of time urgency |
| Type B | A personality pattern characterized by low levels of competitiveness and frustration, an easygoing approach, and a lack of aggressiveness or hostility |
| Antisocial personality disorder | A chronic mental health condition characterized by a pervasive disregard for the rights of others, often involving deceit, impulsivity, aggression, and lack of remorse |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
| Autism spectrum disorder | A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent challenges in social communication, interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors, with symptoms varying widely across individuals |
| Bipolar disorder | Also known as manic depressive illness or manic depression, is a mental health condition characterized by significant mood swings, including manic(or hypomanic) episodes and depressive episodes |
| Borderline personality disorder | A serious mental health condition characterized by intense emotional instability, impulsive behaviors, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships |
| Dissociative identity disorder | A mental health condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities within a single individual, often resulting from severe trauma or abuse |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | A mental health condition characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday issues, affecting daily functioning and quality of life |
| Major depressive disorder | A serious mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest in activities, and various emotional and physical problems |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | A mental health condition characterized by unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | A psychiatric condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event, characterized by persistent re-experiencing, avoidance, negative mood changes, and heightened arousal that significantly impair daily functioning |
| Schizophrenia | A severe mental disorder hat affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves, often leading to hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking |
| Psychotherapy | Using verbal and psychological techniques to treat emotional distress and mental health conditions |
| Aversive conditioning | A psychological technique used to modify behavior by pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy | A structured, evidence-based psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors to improve emotional regulation and coping skills |
| Free association | A psychoanalytic technique in which a person verbalizes thoughts without censorship to access unconscious material. |
| Humanistic therapy | A form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal growth, self-exploration, and the inherent potential of each individual |
| Psychoanalysis | A system of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental conditions by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as d |
| Rogerian (client-centered therapy) | Also known as person-centered therapy or client-centered therapy, is a non-directive, humanistic approach to psychotherapy developed by American psychologist Carl Rogers in the early 1940s |
| Systematic desensitization | A behavioral therapy technique that gradually reduces anxiety by pairing relaxation with controlled exposure to feared stimuli |
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