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anatomy test 3
PART TWO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the major respiratory organs and their general locations? | nose/nasal cavity - front of face pharynx: behind the nasal cavity and mouth larynx: neck (vocal chords) trachea (windpipe)- below larynx, connects larynx to bronchi bronchi- branch from trachea, lead into each lung lungs- thoracic cavity |
| what is the function of the nose? | provides an airway or conducting zone that warms and filters provides a resonating chamber for speech location of olfactory muscles |
| what does GPCR have to do with our sense of olfaction? (G-protein-coupled receptors) | detect odor molecules. sensory neurons in nose express specific GPCRs that bind to odorants Activation triggers signal transduction pathway ->neuronal firing-> sends signals to olfactory bulb in brain which interprets these signals as distinct smells |
| what is the function of the nasal conchae? | are bony structures located inside the nasal cavity (superior, middle, inferior) primary function is to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity allows to trap particles in mucous membrane and facilitates entry of gasses only |
| what is the function of the paranasal sinuses? | air-filled cavities located within the bones of the skull function- lower the weight of the skull + important for speech- contribute to the quality and tone of the voice |
| what are the basic cartilages of the larynx? | thyroid cartilage- shield like plate near the thyroid gland "adams apple" epiglottis- elastic cartilage extending from thyroid cartilage towards tongue cricoid cartilage- inferior to thyroid cartilage, connects to trachea |
| what does the larynx do? | maintains a patent (open) airway and produces the voice. "voice box" |
| what is the epiglottis? | a piece of cartilage at the base of your tongue. It flaps down when you swallow, to keep food and liquid from entering your windpipe |
| where are the vocal folds (vocal chords) located? | in the larynx |
| what is the carina? | cartilaginous point at which the trachea branches to form the two main stem bronchi |
| what kinds of tissue are found in the trachea? | mucosa- pseudostratified ciliated epithelium submucosa- connective tissue with mucous glands and serous glands for increased mucous production adventitia- fibroelastic tissue plus hyaline cartilage that is flexible and elastic |
| whats the difference between the pharynx, larynx, and trachea? | pharynx- muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth to esoph. + larynx larynx- below + contains vocal cords trachea- windpipe that extends from larynx to bronchi pharynx=swallowing and airflow, larynx =voice , and trachea =air conduction |
| whats the difference between the conducting and respiratory zones of the bronchial tree? | The conducting zone is primarily responsible for air passage, while the respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs. The conducting zone includes structures like trachea and bronchi; the respiratory zone includes alveoli and respiratory bronchioles |
| what do the alveoli do? | pouches that are the site of gas exchange |
| what is an alveolar sac? | "bushel of grapes" like cluster of alveoli |
| whats the difference between bronchi and a bronchiole? | Bronchi are larger air passages that branch from the trachea, while bronchioles are smaller branches that extend from the bronchi. Bronchi primarily conduct air to the lungs, while bronchioles lead to alveoli and are involved in gas exchange. |
| what is a terminal bronchiole? | very small air passages in the lungs. They branch off from the larger bronchioles and lead to alveolar ducts. Their primary function is to conduct air to the alveoli for gas exchange. |
| what is a respiratory bronchiole? | Respiratory bronchioles are the smallest airways in the lungs. They branch from terminal bronchioles and lead to alveolar ducts. Their walls contain some alveoli, allowing for gas exchange. |
| describe the autonomic controls. | fight or flight (adrenergic stimulation) = beta 2 receptors= inhibit smooth muscle and let air through histamine (response to injury and allergic) = inflammation of respiratory tract |
| what are the visceral and parietal pleura? | The pleura are two layers of membrane surrounding the lungs. The visceral pleura is the inner layer that directly covers the lung surface. The parietal pleura is the outer layer that lines the chest cavity. |
| how many lobes in each lung? | right lung- 3 left lung- 2 |
| what is an alveolar duct? | small passages lined with alveoli. further division of respiratory bronchiole, leading to alveolar sacs and alveoli |
| what are type 1 alveolar cells? | - thin, flat cells that make up the majority of the alveolar surface area. - facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood. |
| what are type 2 alveolar cells? | -cuboidal cells that produce surfactant, (a detergent-like lipoprotein substance) that reduces surface tension in the alveoli. -Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation and helps maintain lung stability. |
| what are alveolar macrophages? | immune cells in the lungs that defend against inhaled bacteria etc. |
| what are the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures? | intrapulmonary - the pressure within the alveoli/lung intrapleural - the pressure within the pleural cavity ( a thin fluid-filled space between the layers of the pleura surrounding the lungs) |
| explain boyle's law | the pressure of gas varies inversely with it's volume. if lung volume decreases, then lung pressure increases and vice versa ex. if you decrease volume by half, you increase pressure by 2. (if you multiply must equal 1) |
| what muscles are involved in inspiration? | diaphragm- contracts external intercostal muscles- elevate ribs and sternum pectoral and sternocleidomastoid muscles- contract during deep inspiration |
| what pressure changes are seen in inspiration and expiration? | inspiration is caused by lowering pressure in lungs (intrapulmonary). higher outside than in. expiration is caused by raising pressure in lungs, so air will flow out of the lungs. higher pressure in than out. air flows from high to low |
| how is forced expiration different from relaxed expiration? | muscle engagement- forced expiration actively uses abdominal and intercostal muscles, while relaxed expiration relies mainly on passive lung recoil forced = increased intrathoracic pressure, while relaxed= normal pressure dynamics |
| what is lung compliance? | the ease by which the lungs expand and contract low in cases like COPD, pneumonia etc. |
| what is a pneumothorax? (collapsed lung) | the presence of air in the pleural cavity caused by puncture wounds that rupture the parietal pleura, may occur in just 1 lung pleural cavity pressure decreases which forces air to push on the outside of the lung and cause it to collapse (atelectasis) |
| what is atelectasis? | lungs deflate. partial or complete collapse of the lung |
| tidal volume (TV) | normal breathing; air volume moved in inspiration or expiration |
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | the amount of air you can breathe beyond normal inhalation |
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | the amount of air you can breathe beyond normal exhalation |
| vital capacity/ forced vital capacity (FVC) | maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration |
| residual volume | the air left in your lungs after you completely exhale |
| total lung capacity | maximum amount of air the lungs can hold |
| what is the normal tidal volume? | about 500 mL per breath |
| how is vital lung capacity calculated? how is total lung capacity calculated? | FVC= TV+ IRV + ERV TLC= FVC + RV |
| what is anatomical dead space? | air that never reaches the alveoli ex. air trapped in the trachea etc. therefore, out of a 500mL TV, only 350 mL is available for external respiration |
| what is COPD? | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ongoing lung condition caused by damage to the lungs (mostly smoking) results in dyspnea, inflammation of the airways that limit airflow into and out of the lungs. trouble breathing, a daily cough, wheezing |
| what is dyspnea? | difficulty breathing, coughing, frequent infections may lead to respiratory failure |
| what is chronic bronchitis? | associated with cigarette smoking, pollutants, infections chronic mucus production, inflammation and fibrosis of the airways result in low ventilation and gas exchange. can lead to hypoxia. lack of O2 |
| what is emphysema? | characterized by enlargement and destruction of alveolar walls lung tissue becomes fibrotic and low elasticity exhalation becomes difficult and patient uses accessory muscles to exhale become "barrel chested" |
| what is cystic fibrosis? | inherited autosomal defect. defect in a chloride channel protein mutant results in improper water balance in lung, GI and reproductive tracts results in buildup of thick mucus. low gas exchange |
| what is ARDS? | adult respiratory distress syndrome usually caused by an acute illness or trauma that causes lung fibrosis and low surfactant very high mortality especially in elderly |
Created by:
emma.thornton