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arc 200 unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| archaeological evidence for a “tribal scale” society? | An adult / elderly female burial with some high value or exotic trade items |
| Following the adoption of agriculture, we see increases in all of the following EXCEPT: | Available leisure time |
| _______ societies lack evidence for social stratification. They are often small scale, mobile foragers. | Egalitarian |
| Investigating relationships among people, densely-populated city centers, surrounding farmland, and the surrounding natural environments refers to the study of: | Urbanism |
| T/F A child burial that has many high-value, exotic trade items not often found in other burials of that culture is good evidence that the child had “achieved status.” | False |
| T/F Today, archaeologists use V.G. Childe’s 10 traits of state level society, which he described as an “Urban Revolution,” to determine the level of an ancient civilization’s complexity. | False |
| The ____________ hypothesis for state formation is based on the idea that irrigation for agriculture was needed in Southern Mesopotamia, but not in Northern Mesopotamia. | Hydraulic |
| Archaeologists have investigated competition, interaction, and trade among complex chiefdoms in northern and southern Mesopotamia prior to the development of the Sumerian state, around 5,000 BC by: | Examining the production and movement of elite ceramics of the Halafian and U'baid cultures |
| The ____ site in Southern Mesopotamia had a small public temple during the ‘Ubaid period. The early city _____ developed in that area later, as part of the Sumerian state. Leaders there built the Anu Ziggurat and White Temple atop it. | Eridu, Uruk |
| Robert Carniero’s multivariate theory of state formation (developed to explain state formation in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico) can be summarized as follows: | Food production in a circumscribed area leads to population growth and warfare, then state formation |
| Ziggurats and temples in ancient Mesopotamia were | places provided help after floods, dust storms, crop failures, used for religious purposes by elites with religious/economic authority, associated with food storage facilities,redistribution center for agricultural in clay bowls and craft goods |
| Refers to both the culture AND time period of the Eridu site, which had a small public temple. It preceded the development of the earliest state in Mesopotamia. | U’baid |
| T/F Different environmental and cultural factors, and varying levels of population pressure and conflict, led to different paths toward state formation worldwide. There is no single cause for the origins of ancient states. | True |
| Which of the following traits is NOT a precondition for the development or formation of state societies? | writing systems controlled by the elites, to record origin stories and other narratives |
| T/F The Sumerian civilization was made up of competing city-states such as Ur and Uruk. | True |
| The "beveled rim bowl" is a diagnostic archaeological artifact that provides evidence for _____ in the Sumerian state: | Economic power: laborers were provided standard rations in exchange for their work |
| The elites of Indus Valley sites like Harappa showed their high social status by: | wearing ornaments made of precious materials |
| Why do archaeologists think that the Indus Civilization went into decline during the “Localization Era”? | Changes to monsoon patterns led people to adopt more rural lifestyles and relocate |
| T/F Experimental archaeology involves replicating past technologies using similar methods as would have been used in the ancient world | True |
| Which of the following is true of the Indus civilization: | Undeciphered writing system, Well planned and complex streets within large cities, Little evidence of warfare, Long distance trade with other civilizations |
| What is a diagnostic artifact of the Indus? | Stamp seals |
| Which of these represents a connection between the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and modern South Asian culture? | Producing stone beads using traditional methods of flintknapping, Seals with symbols used in Hinduism today, Wearing shell bangles or bracelets |
| T/F Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization progresses forward from bands, to tribes, to chiefdoms, to states, as exemplified by the Localization Era of the Indus Civilization. | False |
| How do archaeologists interpret this figurine from the site of Harappa? | This is a representation of an individual with male biological sex characteristics, wearing typically feminine adornments |
| What did the Indus people trade with Mesopotamia, leaving from port cities like Lothal | Agate beads |
| T/F True or False: Of all the “primary” ancient states in the Old World (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus, and China), the Indus Civilization covered the least amount of geographic area but was the most tightly integrated. | False |
| T/F The site of Tell Banat, which is the location of the White Monument, is in present-day Syria. This location was at the center of the Sumerian state in Southern Mesopotamia in the third millennium B.C., in the Early Bronze Age. | False |
| T/F The White Monument "renovation" is evidence of military authority of Tell Banat's leaders. It is also an example of monumental architecture, another way that leaders legitimized their power. | true |
| What is the main interpretation of the "White Monument" described in the reading? | It was a military memorial for a standing army of professional soldiers |
| archaeologists carefully documenting their excavations with maps, field notes, photographs, and other ways of showing how artifacts and features (like human remains) were associated. Why was this especially important for Tell Banat's excavations? | Tell Banat was excavated in advance of a dam's construction, which flooded the area , the storehouse of the Tell Banat artifacts was destroyed by ISIS |
| The White Monument was constructed in at least [ Select ] distinct phases, with only the final construction phase showing use as a military monument. | three |
| In the last phase, the evidence of [ Select ] indicates that fallen individuals may have been exhumed from other graves or retrieved from battlefield sites and then reburied in the monument. | partial adult skeletons |
| What evidence supports the interpretation that the individuals buried within the White Monument in the 2450 BC "renovation" were individuals who died in a battle in which Tell Banat was victorious, rather than the bodies of enemies that they defeated? | Burial of donkey-like animals that may have pulled battle wagons, Presence of "ammo" (clay slingshot projectiles or "pellets"), Burial of individuals in defined areas or patches |
| Writing systems associated with ancients states mostly have been translated. Which ancient state has a writing system that has not yet been deciphered? | South Asia, Indus Valley Civilization |
| In ancient Egypt, several different systems of writing were used, including [ Select ] , the logosyllabic script for sacred texts beginning in the Old Kingdom, | hieroglyphics |
| the later [ Select ] , a phonetic script used in the New Kingdom and found on the Rosetta Stone (along with the earlier system and with Ancient Greek). | demotic |
| T/F Phonetic writing communicates human thoughts or speech using an arbitrary symbol system. | True |
| T/F A logosyllabic system, such as that used in earliest examples found in Sumerian cities, uses simple pictures to represent ideas. These were often found on clay tablets used for accounting. | false |
| Early Cuneiform began as a _____writing system, but eventually developed into a mostly_____ system. | pictographic; phonetic |
| T/F The Olmec have the earliest Mesoamerican writing we can read (glyphs), found on a large monument called the Cascajal stone | True |
| _________ is an example of long term continuity in Mesoamerican writing systems | The 3 A’jaw glyph identified on an Olmec seal |
| Which of the following are reasons that writing developed in early states? (check all that apply) | Ideological power Administrative purposes Commercial purposes Political power Legal authority |
| Ancient writing systems are highly diverse, yet writing was independently developed in at least four locations. Which location did NOT have the independent development of a writing system? | peru |
| T/F Maya rulers often used writing on stelae (large stone monuments) to commemorate dynastic events such as military victories, which they recorded using a sophisticated calendar system. | True |
| Many ancient civilizations developed around ________, because in these places it was possible to effectively produce _________ , which in turn supported many other aspects or "symptoms" of these civilizations. | River valleys; surplus food |
| Originating from aspects of the natural environment in Egypt, ancient Egyptian ideology is based on the fundamental principles of: | Chaos and Order |
| The Narmer tablet (or “palette”) and the Scorpion Macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis | Are evidence of power and authority in Egypt’s Early Dynastic period |
| How did the Egyptian state / leaders maintain power and authority? | Religion: pharaoh was ‘son of Horus’ and a god on earth Writing: access to writings were restricted was restricted to elites Military: unification of the state by military conquest Economics: priests and scribes controlled access to food and labor |
| What mistake(s) were made when the bent pyramid was constructed, leading to problems with its shape and stability? | The foundation was laid on sand, not solid stone They started out at too steep of an angle Stones were placed haphazardly, not in rows |
| What monuments were built during the Old Kingdom in Egypt? | the gerat pyramids of piza and the sphinx |
| Explain the relationship between Nile flooding and the construction of the Great Pyramid. | Regular flooding of the Nile allowed “downtime” for farmers to work on the pyramid |
| The Egyptian pyramids were tombs for pharaohs, and were an important part of their beliefs about the afterlife. Which came first, the construction of pyramids, or the intentional mummification of human remains? | Mummification |
| What kind of archaeological evidence has NOT been identified as part of investigations of the construction process for Egyptian pyramids? | Wheeled, horse-drawn carts used to carry stones from quarries to the pyramid foundation Iron hammers and chisels at local quarries |
| Knowledge of iron metallurgy in West Africa most likely: | Developed independently by c. 500 BC (Nok culture) |
| There is often less emphasis on studying the archaeology and history of the earliest states in Sub-saharan Africa because | Later European colonizers had little interest in the histories of the peoples in these areas |
| The rulers of Timbuktu legitimized their power and authority | without the need for monumental architecture or ideology that required overt hierarchical structures |
| T/F Ironworking was a technology that Portuguese traders introduced to Jenne-jeno in the 14th century; there is no evidence that it was an independent development in West Africa | false |
| Jenne-jeno is best described as: | A West African trading city occupied for several thousand years |
| At Great Zimbabwe, a majority of monumental structures in the city center, such as the Great Enclosure, were built of | stone |
| Masons of Jenne-jeno (or modern Djenne) maintain a large mosque, reflecting Arabic influences in West Africa around 1000 years ago. Every year, what is done at the mosque? | Artisans and masons use mud to ritually replaster the walls |
| The most important food staples for agriculturalists West Africa were: | Sorghum and millet |
| _____________is a way of life that is centered on animal herding as a subsistence strategy. Cultures who do this full time are often more mobile than agriculturalists. | Pastoralism |
| Great Zimbabwe is part of the early Karanga (eastern Bantu speaking people) state. Select all of the artifacts that indicate craft specialization was important in the Karanga state | Iron Tools Gold Spindle whorls (used to make cotton textiles) |
| The "fabled" city of Timbuktu is located in the present-day West African country of________ | Mali |
| "During the latter part of the 19th century, sub-Saharan Africa came to be seen as a region that lacked a history worth knowing—for its people were viewed as having made no significant social, political, or technological advancements." | The first European visitor to Timbuktu was unimpressed with the size and architecture of the town |
| Archaeologist Douglas Park's excavations in the region of Timbuktu showed that it was | an urban landscape where people relocated seasonally, following this pattern for at least 1,000 years |
| The case study of how civilization developed at Timbuktu demonstrates that: | unique social and political institutions developed in sub-Saharan Africa without outside influences |
| The European idea that West Africa had no history was "politically convenient" because | This idea justified European colonialism as a positive effort to bring "civilization" to African peoples |
| The rulers of Timbuktu legitimized their power and authority | without the need for monumental architecture or ideology that required overt hierarchical structures |
| T/F All archaeologists agree that the Olmec civilization is the “mother culture” of ancient Mesoamerica, because all subsequent states and empires there had similar beliefs and material culture | false |
| Robert Carniero’s multivariate theory of state formation (developed to explain state formation in the Valley of Oaxaca) can be summarized as follows: | Food production in a circumscribed area leads to population growth and warfare, then state formation |
| Archaeological evidence from the development of the _______state, specifically from the sites of San Jose Mogote and Monte Alban in the Valley of Oaxaca, supports Carniero’s model of state formation | Zapotec |
| How did Zapotec leaders display and maintain their power and authority? | Leaders built Monte Alban with high walls at a defensible location, carved glyphs showing deceased war captives, and set up skull racks to deter enemies |
| The Olmec Horizon is represented at which of the following sites in Mesoamerica? | La Venta |
| T/F The Zapotec State arose later than the Olmec civilization, but both civilizations were centered around a heartland in the Valley of Oaxaca. | false |
| Danzantes are | Monte Albán stone carvings that probably represent captives. |
| Rulers of the Olmec civilization used _______ as a way of demonstrating their status and power. | Trade items and control of craft specialists |
| Systematic settlement pattern surveys | provide regional information on a larger scale than what results from site excavations. |
| A(n) ___________ is defined as large, independent, territorial, stratified society with centralized administrative system and coercive power over citizens | State |
| What have archaeologists learned from excavations at the pre-Classic (early) Maya site of El Mirador? | Maya glyphs like the “Jaguar Paw” were well-established already in the pre-Classic |
| Which of these best describes Tikal? | A lowland Maya city center surrounded by large residential areas; it both competed with and was politically interdependent on other nearby city-states |
| Human sacrifice among the Aztec can be best described as | Part of a broader Mesoamerican tradition that also included auto-sacrifice and bloodletting |
| In Maya city-states, kings and elites maintained power and control through: | Competing with rival citystates, using military to destroy enemy cities and execute captives Using sophisticated writing calendar system to connect to ancestors/former rulers Performing ritual appeasegod s and gain success in conquests and agriculture |
| Victorious Maya rulers would often describe their conquests on tall carved stone monuments called: | Stelae |
| Which of the following statements best characterizes Teotihuacán? | a city-state with wide, planned avenues, a market, many temples, and apartment-style dwellings |
| What is one reason that the Spanish conquistadors were able to overcome both the Aztec and the Inca Empires in such a short period of time? | Conquistadors allied themselves with competing Indigenous groups to overthrow the dominant empires |
| ____ is being used in the jungles of Mesoamerica to do settlement pattern analysis, by helping identify previously undiscovered sites hidden by dense vegetation | LIDAR |
| _________ is an early city of the Maya civilization, while ________ is an early city of the Sumerians. | El Mirador; Eridu |
| In the ancient __city-state or civilization, leaders’ control is shown through iconography of military conquest, as well as the human remains of captives and sacrificial victims found under pyramids, like the Pyramid of the Moon. | Teotihuacan |
| Which of these is NOT one a locally domesticated plant or animals that was important in the Andean highlands of South America? | corn |
| Which of the following pairs of New World civilizations can be said to be roughly contemporary (meaning that they flourished at the same time)? | Inca and Aztec |
| Which of these is an example of a record-keeping system, not traditionally considered to be an example of ancient writing? | Inca quipu |
| Moche craft specialists are known for their: | Stirrup-spout vessels and lost-wax casting were both done by Moche craft specialists |
| Maker’s marks (or the mit’a system) on adobe bricks at Moche sites are an example of: | a tribute system where leaders required conscripted laborers to complete specific tasks |
| Which of these statements about the Inca Empire is FALSE? | The Inca Empire developed in the coastal lowland region of South America |
| What was the main function of Machu Picchu? | This was a secluded, sacred site. |
| T/F The Inca empire was much smaller than the Sumerian empire. | false |
| T/F Monumental architecture is one aspect of culture that is shared across all of the complex societies of Mesoamerica and South America that we have studied in this unit. | true |
| The Moche site of Sipan is known for: | rich royal burials with silver, gold, and turquoise grave goods the recovery of human hands and feet as sacrificial offerings 20th century looting of the royal tombs two large adobe pyramids constructed over royal tombs |
| Spanish chroniclers of the Inca empire in the 16th century observed that khipus were used for (check ALL that apply): | Recording numerical values Recording Inca histories and biographies Communicating between administrators in different towns |
| What is one advantage of using quipus instead of writing using an alphabet? | Colonial government officials could not "read" the quipus, so they allowed Inca people some secrecy |
| T/F Phonetic writing communicates human thoughts or speech using an arbitrary symbol system, such as letters of the alphabet. | true |
| Dr. Hyland's research shows that the Collata khipus may be ______, meaning that they record their messages through a combination of phonetic and *ideographic symbols. | logosyllabic |
| T/F Almost all known quipus have some strings that use knots that are coded to represent numbers. | false |
| Which of the following variables is probably NOT part of interpreting the Inca quipu system? | The way a quipu was folded for storage |
| To "read" the Collata khipus, Hyland suggests that someone must: | Be able to both touch the strings and see the color, texture, and knot differences |
Created by:
c-sneller