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Middle Ages
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Crusades | A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims who fought for the Holy Land. (Israel) |
| medieval | Referring to the Middle Ages |
| chivalry | The code of honorable behavior for medieval knights |
| Parliament | The lawmaking body that governs Europe |
| excommunicate | To cast out from the church |
| Saladin | Muslim general, he led the Muslim forces in the 3rd Crusade |
| pope | The head of the Catholic Church |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks. A brilliant warrior and strong leader. |
| Thomas Aquinas | Dominican philosopher. He said that thinking logically could help show that Christian beliefs are true. |
| Benedict | Italian saint and monk. Created a set of rules for monks to follow. |
| King Richard I | King of England who led Christian soldiers in the 3rd Crusade. Earned respect from enemies for being brave and fair. |
| Magna Carta | A document signed in 1215 by King John; required the king to honor certain rights. |
| Hundred Years War | A long conflict between England and France. Lasted from 1337 to 1453. |
| Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347-1351. |
| William the Conqueror | Powerful French noble who conquered England and brought feudalism there. |
| 476: | The Western Roman Empire falls. |
| 610: | The prophet Muhammad begins spreading Islam. |
| 732: | The Battle of Tours stops the Muslim advance in France. |
| 800: | Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the Romans |
| 1066: | William the Conqueror wins the Battle of Hastings. |
| 1096–1099: | The First Crusade begins to seize the Holy Land. |
| 1215: | King John signs the Magna Carta in England. |
| 1337: | The Hundred Years' War between England and France begins. |
| 1347–1351: | The Black Death (plague) kills one-third of Europe's population. |
| 1453: | The Hundred Years' War ends, and Constantinople falls. |
| Early Middle Ages | (approx. 476–1000 CE): |
| High Middle Ages | (approx. 1000 - 1300 CE): |
| Late Middle Ages | (approx. 1300–1500 CE): |
| After Rome collapsed | Western Europe changed socially,economically, and politically - declined. |
| Europe is the | “peninsula of peninsulas” because it consists of many smaller peninulas |
| Topography = | physical features of its surface. |
| 500-1500 CE / AD = | The Middle Ages |
| Medieval is a Latin term for | middle ages. |
| In 486 | Frankish leader Clovis I defeated the Roman Army. |
| 530’s the Franks | controlled much of the land in Gaul and Germany. |
| 717 A.D. | united the Frankish lands under his rule. |
| His most important victory, | Battle of Tours in 732. Defeated a Muslim army from Spain. |
| In 768 | Charles Martel’s grandson, Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, became king of the Franks. |
| 800 A.D | built an empire in what is now France, Germany, and Italy. |
| Reigned for 46 years fighting to | increase power and territory. |
| Reunited | much of the original western Roman empire. |
| Compare how he was like other kings? | He appointed and checked on powerful nobles who ruled local regions. |
| What effect did his feelings about education have? | It caused people to better educated. |
| How did Charlemagne use his power? | Charlemagne was a devout Christian. He spread Christianity. Expanded his territory (empire). |
| In 800 | Pope Leo III, crowned Charlemagne emperor. |
| Under Constantine, the emperor had authority over | the church, but by Leo crowning Charlemagne. It demonstrated that the pope had the power to name the emperor. - Strengthened Church’s power. |
| In 814, | his son Louis I took the throne. |
| Treaty of Verdon - | split his empire into three parts. |
| Monasteries and Convents | Christianity spread through much of Europe. Many chose a life of religious study and prayer. Men - monks: focus on prayer and scripture. Women - nuns: devoted life to spiritual goals. |
| Christianity spread through much of | Europe. |
| Many chose a life of | religious study and prayer. |
| Men | monks: focus on prayer and scripture. |
| Women - | nuns: devoted life to spiritual goals. |
| 300s A.D. | First Christian monasteries were in Egypt |
| First Christian monasteries were in Egypt in | 300s A.D. |
| An Italian monk named Benedict established new European way of life | - Monastic Life. |
| Under the rule, monastic life was a shared experience of | balanced work and prayer. |
| Vows/Promises of | worship and to live within the communities for the rest of their lives. |
| Daily Life in Monasteries | Each day divided into periods for worship, work and study. Many monasteries were self-contained communities with gardens, workshops, libraries, health, and educational service. |
| Each day divided into | periods for worship, work and study. |
| Many monasteries were self-contained communities with | gardens, workshops, libraries, health, and educational service |
| Pagan? | The followers of ancient religions that worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Today, pagan is used to describe someone who doesn't go to synagogue, church, or mosque. |
| Conversion of Europe | Patrick a missionary from Ireland. Converted many to Christianity. Pope Gregory sent monks as missionaries to Britain. |
| Patrick | a missionary from Ireland. Converted many to Christianity. |
| Pope Gregory | sent monks as missionaries to Britain. |
| 700s-800s | Catholic missionaries worked throughout Europe. |
| E. Europe - | monks worked to convert Slavic peoples. |
| N. Europe- | British monk Boniface worked to est. Catholic Church in Germany and Netherlands. |
| Catholic faith became | everyday life. -Church became center of society. |
| Medieval Church | Church became a powerful force. Influenced not only secular and non-religious life. |
| Catholic Teaching | Live on the basis of Jesus’ teaching. Believed the way people lived would affect what happens to their soul after death. Concept of heaven and hell were central to medieval beliefs. Sacraments - sacred rites -Baptism and Communion |
| Church’s Power | Church was highest authority and guardian of God’s truth. Could punish people by denying them the sacraments. Believed people who didn’t receive the sacraments would be condemned to hell. Controlled some land and wealth directly. |
| Christendom | Eventually most people of Europe were united under Catholic faith. Large community of Christians spread across the world. |
| Eventually most people of Europe | were united under Catholic faith. |
| Large community of Christians | spread across the world. |
| Kings and Queens | Had complete control of the Feudal System. Controlled all the land- decided who he would lease land to- only men he could trust got land. Kings required the people they gave the land to, to swear an oath to remain faithful to the King at all time. |
| Lords/Ladies2 | Leased land from the king- known as a manor In return for the land- they had to serve on the royal council, pay rent, and provide the King with knights. |
| Lords/Ladies4 | Lords created their own law system, minted their own money, and set own taxes Kept most of land- then divided the rest among their knights/vassals. |
| What is a Vassal? | The relationship between lords and vassals made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king. |
| What is a Knight?2 | Almost all nobles were knights Training began at age 7, as a page. Became squires at age 15 and were trained by other knights Those deemed worthy were “dubbed” |
| What is a Knight?4 | Once “dubbed” they were given land by the Lords- in return for military service Had to protect the Lord and his family, as well as the Manor |
| Workers on the Manor | There were two groups of peasant workers on the manor |
| Freemen- | killed workers who paid rent and could leave the manor whenever they wished. (They usually had a skill needed by others on the manor.) |
| Serfs – | workers bound to the land by contract with the nobles. (They had no freedom - they were the noble’s property.) They could not leave the manor. |
| Clovis I 466-511 | 486 Frankish leader who defeated the last Roman army in Western Europe. |
| Charles Martel 715-741 | Charles the Hammer 717 United the Frankish lands 732 Battle of Tours-lead Frankish warriors to defeat a Muslim army from Spain. |
| Charlemagne 742-814 1 | 768 became king of the Franks Charles the Great In 800 built an empire that stretched across what is now France, Germany, and Italy. |
| Charlemagne 742-814 2 | 46 year reign – fighting to increase his power and territory. Reunited much of the original Western Roman empire. |
| Charlemagne 742-814 3 | Appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions. Thought education could help unite his kingdom. Worked closely with Catholic Church to spread Christianity. |
| Pope Leo I | Charlemagne helped protect him from his enemies. In 800, crowned Charlemagne emperor; establishing that the pope had the power. Louis I 778-840 |
| Louis I 778-840 | In 814 took over the throne. His sons struggled among themselves for power. In 843 they agreed to the Treaty of Verdun- splitting Charlemagne’s empire into 3 parts. |
| Benedict 480-543 | Established a new monastic life. In 529, organized a monastary in central Italy. Benedictine Rule – rules for monastic life adopted by nuns and monks. -balanced prayer and work |
| Otto the Great 936-973 | German king Increased his power by making alliances with other German nobles. In 962, persuaded pope to crown him emperor. Created a stable empire. Worked closely with the Church |
| Pope Gregory VII 1054-1105 | Became pope in 1073 Believed the emperor should not have power over the Church. – Only the pope should chose the bishops. Issued a list of rules declaring supreme authority over the Church and secular (non-church) leaders Excommunicated Henry IV |
| Henry IV 1589-1610 | Holy Roman Emperor in 1073. Ignored Pope Gregory’s rules and tried to have him removed as pope, resulting in him being excommunicated. Begged for 3 days for the pope to forgive him. The pope did. Later he forced the pope out of Rome. |
| King Henry II 1154-1189 1 | In 1162, appointed Thomas Becket to be archbishop of Canterbury. Henry wanted to expand royal power. Becket grew more loyal to the Church than to the state. Becket excommunicated Henry. . |
| King Henry II 1154-1189 2 | Henry was so mad that some knights believed the king called for Becket’s death. Knights traveled to Canterbury and murdered the archbishop in the church. |
| King Phillip II Augustus 1180-1223 | Took the throne in 1180. Acquired large land Created new officials to oversee justice. Gained more control over the French Church. |
| William the Conqueror 1066-1087 1 | Christmas Day 1066, crowned king of England.He and his army fought their way across Hastings burning and looting. He and his army fought their way across Hastings burning and looting. |
| William the Conqueror 1066-1087 2 | *Battle of Hastings wiped out many Anglo-Saxon noble families. William gave their land to the Norman barons. *Battle of Hastings wiped out many Anglo-Saxon noble families. William gave their land to the Norman barons. |
| Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 | Philosopher who emphasized faith as the path to the truth. Argued that both faith and reason come from God. Believed in natural law – does not change over time or from one society to another. Could be discovered through the power of human reason. |
| Lionheart” King Richard 1 1189-1199 | King of England, became leader of the 3rd Crusade. Won important victories. Developed a courteous relationship with Saladin. |
| Saladin 1174-1193 1 | Muslim general of the 3rd Crusade fighting for the Holy Land Known for his noble character, he inspired respect, even from his enemies. |
| Saladin 1174-1193 2 | Saladin and King Richard I signed a truce. Agreed to respect crusader lands, but Jerusalem remained with the Muslims. |
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