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Topic 20
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| arms race | building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy |
| Comintern | the Communist International: an organization formed in 1919 by Lenin to promote revolution throughout the world |
| commune | in China during the 1950s, a group of collective farms which contained more than 30,000 people who lived and worked together |
| command economy | an economic system in which the government directs all aspects of labor, business, production, and distribution |
| demonstration | a public display of group feeling toward a person or cause |
| de-Stalinization | the process of eliminating Stalin's more ruthless policies |
| detente | a period of relaxed tensions and improved relations between two adversaries |
| deterrence | during the Cold War, the US and Soviet policies of holding huge arsenals of nuclear weapons to prevent war; each nation believed that neither would launch a nuclear attack since both knew that the other side could strike back with devastating power |
| domino theory | the idea that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall |
| glasnost | a Soviet policy permitting open discussion of political and social issues |
| guerilla tactics | the use of unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight an enemy |
| nuclear weapon | a weapon whose destructive power comes from a nuclear reaction |
| perestroika | a policy introduced by Gorbachev which fundamentally restructured the Soviet economy |
| policy of containment | a plan to keep something, such as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves |
| proxy war | a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly |
| satellite state | a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader from 1985-1991 who introduced social and economic reforms that ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR |
| Joseph Stalin | Soviet leader from 1927 until his death in 1953 whose policies in Eastern Europe after World War II helped start the Cold War |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader from 1953 to 1964 who loosened some control and began the de-Stalinization process but lost standing after the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Leonid Brezhnev | Soviet leader from 1964-1982 who helped begin detente but also ordered the invasion of Afghanistan |
| John Kennedy | US president from 1961-1963 who ordered the Bay of Pigs Invasion and negotiated away from nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Harry Truman | US president from 1945-1953 who began policies to militarily and financially support countries after World War II so they did not fall to communism |
| Ronald Reagan | US president from 1981-1989 who massively increased military spending through SDI in an attempt to bankrupt the USSR |
| Dwight Eisenhower | US president from 1953-1961 who adopted a policy of massive retaliation which led to Mutually Assured Destruction |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | The closest the Cold War came to nuclear war, October 1962, when the USSR built missiles 90 miles from the US coast |
| Bay of Pigs | The failed CIA invasion of Cuba to try to remove Fidel Castro from power |
| Berlin Wall | This was constructed in 1961 to prevent people from leaving the eastern half of the city for the economically better west |
| Berlin Airlift | For 11 months in 1948 and 1949 supplies were flown into the city to prevent the west from being cutoff and taken over by the Soviet Union |
| SALT 1 and SALT 2 | Agreements of the 1970s to reduce nuclear weapons |
| Marshall Plan | US policy that provided almost $13 billion to Europe to rebuild after World War II and prevent communism from spreading |
| Great Leap Forward | Chinese policy that began in 1958 and attempted to turn collective farms into massive communes but was a huge failure and led to 15-20 million deaths from starvation |
| Cultural Revolution | Chinese policy from 1966-1976 that looked to rid China of the "Four Olds" but was another failure |
| Korean War | proxy war from 1950-1953 in which the US was successful in maintaining communist north of the 38th Parallel |
| Vietnam War | proxy war in which the US fought from 1955-1975 and was unsuccessful in preventing the country from falling to communism |
| Invasion of Afghanistan | proxy war from 1979-1989 in which the Soviet Union tried to keep a communist government in power but was unsuccessful |
| Tiananmen Square | Site of a student-led pro-democracy demonstration in Beijing in 1989 that ended with the military breaking up the crowds |
| Space Race | Began with the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 and became a competition with space as a new frontier to fight wars |
| Hungary | country where Imre Nagy led a reform movement in 1956 that was ultimately ended by a Soviet military invasion |
| Czechoslovakia | country were Alexander Dubcek tried to loosen communist control in 1968 which came to be called "Prague Spring" but was ended by a Soviet military invasion |
| NATO | alliance between the United States, Canada, and western European countries to defend against an attack by the Soviet Union or its satellite states |
| Warsaw Pact | alliance between the Soviet Union and eastern European countries to defend against an attack by non-communist countries |
| Iron Curtain | phrase that Winston Churchill used to describe the dividi between the communist and capitalist sides of Europe |
| Mao Zedong | Chinese leader from 1949 to 1976 who started the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution |
| Deng Xiaoping | Chinese leader from 1978 to 1989 who loosened some communist restrictions but ordered the forceful breakup up of the Tiananmen Square demonstrations |
Created by:
Mrs. Marquardt