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HGAP
Definitions and Thepries
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute Advantage | A nation’s ability to produce a good or service more efficiently than another nation |
| Absolute Direction | Corresponds to the direction on a compass: north, south, east, west, and combinations such as northeast and southwest |
| Abs. Distance | The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a foot, yard, mile, or kilometer |
| Abs. Location | A precise position on Earth’s surface |
| Absorbing Barriers | Barriers that completely halt diffusion |
| Acculturation | Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially |
| Activity Space | Where a person goes and what he or she does on a day-to-day basis |
| Aerial Photography | Remote-sensing photography that produces fine-grained, high-resolution, highly detailed images |
| Affordability | The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment |
| African Union | A continental organization of African states that seeks to drive Africa’s growth and economic development through cooperation and integration of member states |
| Age Structure | Refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts |
| Agglomeration Economies | Occur where firms cluster spatially in order to take advantage of geographic concentrations of skilled labor and industry suppliers, specialized infrastructure, and ease of face-to-face contact with industry participants |
| Aging Population | A population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases |
| Agribusiness | Large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry |
| Agrichemicals | Chemical compounds obtained from petroleum and natural gas for use in agriculture; agrichemicals include fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides |
| Agricultural Cooperative | An organization where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity such as services or production; services or production resources are provided to individual farm members |
| Agricultural Density | The number of farmers per unit of arable land |
| Agri. Landscape | The visible imprint of agricultural practices |
| Agri. Surplus | Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family |
| Agriculture | The planting and harvesting of domesticated plants and the raising of domesticated animals for food |
| Allegiance | Loyalty or commitment to a country |
| Androcentrism | A phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males |
| Animistic Religion | A faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, and other entities of the natural environment |
| Antecedent Boundary | A boundary that was identified before an area was settled |
| Anthropocene | The period in which human activities have had the dominant influence on the environment |
| Anti-displacement tenant activists | Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development |
| Antinatalist Policy | Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates |
| Aquaculture | The cultivation and harvesting of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions |
| Aquifer | Underground water deposited hundreds of thousands of years ago |
| Arable Land | Land Suitable for Cultivation |
| Arctic Counsil | An international governmental forum that promotes interaction among the Arctic states and indigenous communities on common Arctic issues, particularly sustainable development and environmental protection |
| Arid Climate | A climate that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rain annually |
| Arithmetic (crude) dnesity | The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer) |
| Assembly Line | A system of manufacturing in which parts and procedures are added one step at a time through a series of workstations until a finished product is assembled |
| Assimilation | Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with the host culture and loses many culturally distinctive traits |
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | A regional intergovernmental organization comprising 10 countries in Southeast Asia to promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region |
| Automobile Cities | Cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership |
| Autonomous Regions | A subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has a degree of self-government, or autonomy, in its decision making |
| Baby Boomers | People born from 1946 to 1964 during the post–World War II uptick in birth rate |
| Base Industry | An industry of disproportionate economic importance and on whose existence other industries and employment sectors depend |
| Below Market Rate Housing | Housing that costs much less than the going rate |
| Bid-Rent Theory | Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases |
| Billingualism | The ability to speak two languages fluently |
| Biodisel | Fuel made from vegetable oil |
| Biodiversity | The variety and variability among species and ecosystems |
| Black Belt | Ethnic homeland in the U.S. South |
| Blockbusting | A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in |
| Boomburb/boomburg | A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government |
| Border Zone | A region where cultural markers overlap and blend into a recognizable border culture |
| Borderland | A region straddling both sides of an international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees |
| Boserup Effect | Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods |
| Boundary | A clearly demarcated line that marks both the limits of a territory and divisions between territories; often called a border at the global scale |
| Brain Drain | A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration |
| Break-of bulk Point | A location where cargo is transferred from one mode of transportation to another |
| Brownfield | A property whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants |
| Brownfield Remediation | The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns |
| Buffer State | A politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the borders of two powers |
| Built Environment | The human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis |
| Cadastral Survey | Systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries |
| Capital Expenditures | Assets that cost money, such as land, machinery, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, seeds, and livestock feed |
| Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned and run by the state |
| Capitalist Class | People who own the means of production and pay the wages of workers |
| Carbon Neutrality | Achieving zero CO2 releases through a combination of emissions reduction and carbon removal |
| Carbon Offsets | Processes that remove or sequester (store) carbon from the atmosphere to make up for CO2 emissions elsewhere |
| Carrying Capacity | The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis |
| Cartogram | A map that distorts the geographic shape of an area in order to show the size of a specific variable; the larger the area on a cartogram, the larger the value of the underlying variable |
| Cartographer | A person who makes maps |
| Cash Crop | A crop raised to be sold for profit rather than to feed the farm family and the livestock; common cash crops are cotton, flax, hemp, coffee, and tobacco |
| Cassava | A root vegetable native to South America |
| Census | An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals, such as age, sex, and race |
| Central Business District (CBD) | A dense cluster of offices and shops located at a city’s most accessible point, usually its center |
| Central Place | A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers |
| Central Place Theory | A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are |
| Centrifugal Force | A force that brings people together and unifies a neighborhood, society, or country |
| Cereal Grains | Seeds that come from a wide variety of grasses cultivated around the world, including wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and maize (corn) |
| Chain Migration | The process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place |
| Child Mortality | Deaths of children under five years of age |
| Choke Point | A narrow passage that restricts traffic to another region |
| Choropleth Map | A thematic map that shows data aggregated for a specific geographic area, often using different colors to represent different values |
| Circulation | Short-term and cyclical movement that occurs repeatedly on a regular basis |
| City | A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions |
| Climate | The average pattern of weather over a 30-year period for a particular region |
| Climate Change |
Created by:
Sarthak Saha