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BIO QUIZ CUMULATIVE!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a mutation? | permanent change in nucleotide sequence in a cell's DNA. can be harmful, helpful, or no effect. |
| can mutations be passed down to offspring? | some can, some can't (depends on timing and type of cell) |
| what causes mutations? | can be random or caused by outside factors. (general: mutagen, specific: carcinogen) |
| what is a mutagen? | any type of chemical or radiation that causes mutations |
| what is a carcinogen? | specifically causes mutations that can lead to cancer. (carcinogen is type of mutagen.) |
| what parts of a chromosome do mutations affect? | 1 base pair, chunk of chromosomes, or whole chromosomes. |
| what is a point mutation? | affects 1 base pair |
| what is substitution in the context of mutations? | may or may not change polypeptide when a different base pair is put in place. (look at diagram examples) |
| what are the outcomes of a point mutation/substitution? | 1) no effect on protein sequence 2) amino acid substitution 3) stop codon substitutes for amino acid |
| what is a frameshift mutation? | always changes polypeptide through insertion or deletion. changes way codons are read by ribosome changes, "reading frame" |
| what is insertion within a frameshift mutation? | extra nucleotide pair (extra base) |
| what is deletion within a frameshift mutation? | losing a nucleotide pair (lose a base) |
| what are tumor suppressor genes? | supposed to keep cell division in check. if mutated, cell division can get out of control. |
| what are proto-oncogenes? | stimulates cell division but normally off in most cells. if mutated, becomes oncogenes and are always on. cell division can get out of control. |
| where does regulation of gene expression come from? | some regulation comes from the cell itself and some is from outside factors (ex. epigenetics) |
| what are epigenetics? | study of how behaviors and environment can affect gene expression (not changing DNA but changing how genes get used) |
| what shape are prokaryotic chromosomes? and what do they have inside? | circular; 1 main chromosome and smaller plasmids |
| what shape are eukaryotic chromosomes? | linear rods |
| what do prokaryotic cells and (some eukaryotic) cells have - extra pieces of DNA? | small, circular structures called plasmids (involved in transformation) |
| what is used in prokaryotic gene expression? (bacteria?) | operon models |
| what is a operon? | group of genes controlled by one promoter |
| what is a repressible operon? | usually on, can be turned off - makes the enzyme that makes amino acid tryptophan but shut off in the presence of tryptophan. |
| what is a inducible operon? | usually off, can be turned on (lac operon - makes enzymes that break down lactose) - switched on by presence of lactose. |
| eukaryotic gene expression & multicellular organisms facts (DNA, specialization, genes) (3) | 1) all cells have same DNA except gametes, 2) embryonic development happens and cells specialize & genes are turned on/off. 3) some genes are regulated throughout cell's life. |
| 5 ways genes are regulated... | 1) chromatin structure, 2) transcriptional control 3) post transcriptional control 4) translational control 5) post translational control |
| what is chromatin structure? | relates to wrapping/packing of DNA, involves histones. affects accessibility of genes [DNA WRAPPING] |
| what is transcriptional control? | transcription factors control how much mRNA transcribed from a gene. [making mRNA and transcription] |
| what is post-transcriptional control? | alternative RNA splicing (changes in which pieces stay in/out) - different combos of exons result in different proteins. factors control the changing speed at which mRNA leaves nucleus. [RNA PROCESSING] |
| what is translational control? | factors control how much polypeptide is made from mRNA [makes polypeptide and translation] |
| what is post translational control? | factors affect protein folding and how long protein remains active [FOLDING OF PROTEIN] |
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studying11