The lone pair on nitrogen can accept protons making amines basic

Reaction of amines with dilute acids

They neutralise acids forming salts e.g. CH3CH2NH2 + HCl -> CH3CH2NH3+Cl-

Preparation of aliphatic amines (primary)

NH3 reacts with haloalkane to form salt e.g. CH3Cl + NH3 -> CH3NH3+Cl- Salt reacts with NaOH to form amine e.g. CH3NH3+Cl- + NaOH -> CH3NH2 + NaCl + H2O Ethanol as solvent so no substitution to alcohols Excess NH3 used to prevent further substitution

Preparation of aliphatic amines (secondary)

Primary amine reacts with haloalkane to from salt Salt reacts with NaOH to from secondary amine, water and NaCl

Preparation of aromatic amines

Phenylamine is made by reducing nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene is heated in reflux with tin and conc HCl to form phenylammonium chloride Salt reacts with excess NaOH to form phenylamine Tin and HCL are the reducing agents C6H5NO2 + 6[H] -> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

Reaction of carboxyl group in amino acids

Reacts with alkalis forming salt and water RCH(NH2)COOH + NaOH -> RCH(NH2)COO-Na+ +H2O React with alcohols with in reflux with dilute acid to form an ester and water - amine group is protonated (H2N)RCHCOOH + C3OH + H+ -> (H3N+)RCHCOOCH3 + H2O

Reaction of amine group in amino acids

Reacts with acids forming a salt HOOCHCR(NH2) + HCl -> HOOCHCR(NH3)+Cl-

Primary and secondary amides

Primary = RCONH2 Secondary = RCONHR

An example of stereoisomerism where there are non superimposable mirror images about a chiral carbon centre

Condensation reaction between monomers forming ester bonds Monomers can be singular monomers with the -COOH and the -OH groups or two monomers with each containing a group

Condensation reaction between monomers forming amide bonds Monomers can be singular monomers with the -COOH/-COCl and the -NH2 groups or two monomers with each containing a group

Hydrolysis of polyesters

Acid - forms n number of alcohols and carboxylic acids Base - forms n number of alcohols and carboxylate salts

Hydrolysis of polyamides

Acid - forms n number of protonated amines and carboxylic acids Base - forms n number of amines and carboxylate salts

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chem

Nitrogen compounds, polymers, and synthesis

Question	Answer
Basicity of amines	The lone pair on nitrogen can accept protons making amines basic
Reaction of amines with dilute acids	They neutralise acids forming salts e.g. CH3CH2NH2 + HCl -> CH3CH2NH3+Cl-
Preparation of aliphatic amines (primary)	NH3 reacts with haloalkane to form salt e.g. CH3Cl + NH3 -> CH3NH3+Cl- Salt reacts with NaOH to form amine e.g. CH3NH3+Cl- + NaOH -> CH3NH2 + NaCl + H2O Ethanol as solvent so no substitution to alcohols Excess NH3 used to prevent further substitution
Preparation of aliphatic amines (secondary)	Primary amine reacts with haloalkane to from salt Salt reacts with NaOH to from secondary amine, water and NaCl
Preparation of aromatic amines	Phenylamine is made by reducing nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene is heated in reflux with tin and conc HCl to form phenylammonium chloride Salt reacts with excess NaOH to form phenylamine Tin and HCL are the reducing agents C6H5NO2 + 6[H] -> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O
Formula of α-amino acids	RCH(NH2)COOH
Reaction of carboxyl group in amino acids	Reacts with alkalis forming salt and water RCH(NH2)COOH + NaOH -> RCH(NH2)COO-Na+ +H2O React with alcohols with in reflux with dilute acid to form an ester and water - amine group is protonated (H2N)RCHCOOH + C3OH + H+ -> (H3N+)RCHCOOCH3 + H2O
Reaction of amine group in amino acids	Reacts with acids forming a salt HOOCHCR(NH2) + HCl -> HOOCHCR(NH3)+Cl-
Primary and secondary amides	Primary = RCONH2 Secondary = RCONHR
Optical isomerism	An example of stereoisomerism where there are non superimposable mirror images about a chiral carbon centre
Polyester	Condensation reaction between monomers forming ester bonds Monomers can be singular monomers with the -COOH and the -OH groups or two monomers with each containing a group
Polyamides	Condensation reaction between monomers forming amide bonds Monomers can be singular monomers with the -COOH/-COCl and the -NH2 groups or two monomers with each containing a group
Hydrolysis of polyesters	Acid - forms n number of alcohols and carboxylic acids Base - forms n number of alcohols and carboxylate salts
Hydrolysis of polyamides	Acid - forms n number of protonated amines and carboxylic acids Base - forms n number of amines and carboxylate salts

Created by: silver54331

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