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us history exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Constitutional Convention of 1787 | A meeting in Philadelphia where delegates discarded the Articles of Confederation to draft the U.S. Constitution, creating a stronger central government. |
| 3/5ths Compromise | An agreement between Northern and Southern states that counted three out of every five enslaved people for purposes of both representation and taxation. |
| Jay Treaty (1794) | An unpopular but necessary treaty with Britain that averted war, settled remaining Revolutionary War debts, and saw the British vacate forts in the Northwest Territory. |
| XYZ Affair (1797) | A diplomatic incident where French agents (X, Y, and Z) demanded bribes from American diplomats, sparking the "Quasi-War" and anti-French sentiment. |
| Treaty of Tripoli (1796) | A treaty ending the First Barbary War; it is often cited for its article stating that "the Government of the United States... is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion." |
| Residence Act of 1790 | Legislation that settled the dispute over the location of the capital, placing it on the Potomac River (Washington D.C.) in exchange for the federal assumption of state debts. |
| The Early American Republic | The period roughly from 1789 to 1824, defined by the first presidential administrations and the struggle to define the new nation's identity. |
| Federalist | The first American political party (Hamilton/Adams), which favored a strong central government, a national bank, and loose construction of the Constitution. |
| Democratic-Republican | The opposition party (Jefferson/Madison), which championed states' rights, agrarian interests, and strict construction of the Constitution. |
| Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | An uprising of farmers in Pennsylvania against a federal excise tax on whiskey; its suppression proved the new government had the power to enforce its laws. |
| “Empire of Liberty” | Thomas Jefferson’s vision that the U.S. should expand across the continent to spread republicanism and democracy. |
| “The Peaceable Kingdom” | A series of paintings by Edward Hicks representing a Quaker vision of harmony, often associated with the religious and social ideals of the era. |
| Northwest Ordinance (1787) | Established a system for setting up governments in the western territories and a process for them to join the Union as equal states; it also banned slavery in the Northwest Territory. |
| The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) | A journey commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase, map the territory, and find a water route to the Pacific. |
| Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) | Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty; Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. |
| Missouri Compromise (1820) | An agreement to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states; Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as free, and slavery was banned north of the $36^\circ 30'$ line. |
| The Santa Fe Trail | A vital commercial route from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, connecting the U.S. with Mexican markets. |
| “The Great American Desert” | A term used by early explorers (like Stephen H. Long) to describe the High Plains, which they believed were unfit for farming. |
| Impressment | The British practice of forcing American sailors into service in the Royal Navy, a primary cause of the War of 1812. |
| War of 1812 | Fought between the U.S. and Britain over maritime rights and western expansion; often called the "Second War of Independence." |
| Chesapeake Campaign | A series of British naval and land operations during the War of 1812, including the burning of Washington D.C. and the attack on Baltimore. |
| Battle of New Orleans (1815) | A decisive American victory led by Andrew Jackson; notably, it occurred after the peace treaty had been signed but before the news reached America. |
| Hartford Convention (1814) | A meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812. Their talk of secession led to the death of the Federalist Party. |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | A policy stating that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs. |
| The Erie Canal | Completed in 1825, it linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River, sparking an economic boom in New York and the Midwest. |
| The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) | The first common carrier railroad in the U.S., signaling the shift from water-based transport to rail. |
| Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O) | A major project intended to connect the Potomac River with the Ohio River, though it struggled to compete with the faster B&O Railroad. |
| The Panic of 1819 | The first major financial crisis in the U.S., caused by land speculation and a collapse in cotton prices, ending the "Era of Good Feelings." |
| The University of Virginia | Founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819, it was unique for its secular nature and "Academical Village" design. |
| Jacksonian Democracy | A political movement toward greater democracy for the "common man," characterized by the expansion of voting rights and the rise of the Democratic Party. |
| The Common Man | The idealized American citizen—typically a white farmer or laborer—who Jackson claimed to represent against the "corrupt" elite. |
| White Male Suffrage | The removal of property-owning requirements for voting, which allowed nearly all white men to vote by the 1830s. |
| Indian Removal Act (1830) | Law authorized by Andrew Jackson to forcibly relocate Native American tribes from the Southeast to land west of the Mississippi. |
| The Five Civilized Tribes | The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole—tribes that had adopted many European-American customs. |
| New Echota | The capital of the Cherokee Nation in Georgia; it was the site where the Treaty of New Echota (which led to the Trail of Tears) was signed. |
| Women’s Anti-Removal Petition | One of the first major organized political actions by American women, who petitioned Congress to stop the forced removal of Native Americans. |
| “The Era of Good Feelings” (1815–1825) | A period of national unity and a one-party political system (Democratic-Republicans) following the War of 1812. |
| Lafayette’s Farewell Tour (1824–1825) | The Marquis de Lafayette's return to the U.S., which served as a massive patriotic celebration of the surviving Revolutionary generation. |
| Camp Meetings | Large outdoor religious gatherings that were central to the Second Great Awakening, characterized by intense emotional fervor. |
| National Completeness | The concept of the United States achieving its full territorial, economic, and cultural potential during this era. |
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