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Unit 4 2.2
Discuss the aims of punishment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why does society punish criminals? | To express moral outrage, reduce crime, protect the public, change offenders’ behaviour, and make amends for harm caused. |
| What are the five main aims of punishment? | Retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, public protection, and reparation. |
| What does retribution mean? | Punishing offenders as a form of vengeance or “paying back” for wrongdoing. |
| What is meant by ‘just deserts’? | The idea that offenders deserve punishment because they have broken society’s moral code. |
| What is proportionality in punishment? | Punishment should be equal to the seriousness of the crime committed. |
| How does proportionality influence sentencing? | It leads to fixed tariffs or mandatory sentences for specific crimes. |
| What is the purpose of retribution? | To express society’s moral outrage, not necessarily to reduce reoffending. |
| Why are hate crimes given higher sentences? | To reflect society’s greater outrage at offences motivated by prejudice. |
| Which criminological theories link to retribution? | Right realism and rational choice theory. |
| How do functionalists explain retribution? | It performs boundary maintenance by reinforcing shared moral values. |
| Give one criticism of retribution. | It may punish even when no good outcome will result, such as with remorseful offenders. |
| What is rehabilitation? | Using punishment to change offenders’ behaviour so they do not reoffend. |
| How does rehabilitation differ from retribution? | It focuses on future behaviour rather than punishment for past actions. |
| Give two examples of rehabilitation programmes. | Education and training programmes; anger management courses. |
| What role do community sentences play in rehabilitation? | They often require offenders to take part in treatment programmes. |
| Why does rehabilitation require offender motivation? | Because change is unlikely if the offender does not want to reform. |
| Which psychological theory supports CBT in rehabilitation? | Cognitive theories. |
| How does Skinner’s theory link to rehabilitation? | Through token economies that reward positive behaviour. |
| Which sociological theory supports rehabilitation and why? | Left realism, because it addresses social causes of crime. |
| Give one criticism of rehabilitation from right realists. | Many offenders continue to reoffend despite rehabilitation programmes. |
| What is deterrence? | Using punishment to discourage crime through fear of consequences. |
| What is individual deterrence? | Punishment aimed at preventing an individual offender from reoffending. |
| What is general deterrence? | Punishment intended to discourage the wider public from committing crime. |
| Why might deterrence fail? | Offenders may act impulsively or believe they will not be caught. |
| What is incapacitation? | Removing an offender’s ability to commit further crimes. |
| Give three examples of incapacitation policies. | Imprisonment, curfews with electronic tagging, chemical castration. |
| Why is imprisonment central to public protection? | It removes offenders from society, preventing further crimes. |
| What was the purpose of mandatory minimum sentences? | To protect the public by incapacitating repeat offenders. |
| What was imprisonment for public protection (IPP)? | An indeterminate sentence for dangerous offenders (abolished in 2012). |
| Which biological theorist supported incapacitation? | Lombroso |
| Give one criticism of incapacitation. | t leads to long‑term warehousing of offenders and rising prison populations. |
| What is reparation? | Offenders making amends for the harm they have caused. |
| What types of harm can reparation address? | Material harm and social harm. |
| How can offenders make material reparation? | Through compensation or unpaid work. |
| What is restorative justice? | A process where victim and offender meet to address the harm caused. |
| How can restorative justice benefit victims? | It allows closure and a chance to express the impact of the crime. |
| Which theory supports restorative justice? | Labelling theory. |
| Why do functionalists support reparation? | It restores social order in complex societies. |
| Give one criticism of reparation. | It is unsuitable for serious crimes such as rape or murder. |
| Why do some view reparation as too lenient? | It may seem to let offenders off lightly. |
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Cabezablanca