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unit 5 psych vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
| hypertension | hypertension is defined as chronic, abnormally elevated blood pressure against artery walls; a chronic condition where the force of blood pushing against artery walls is consistently too high, forcing the heart to work harder |
| immune suppression | a decrease in the activation or efficiency of the immune system, often caused by chronic stress, which reduces the body’s ability to fight infection and diseases |
| stressors | specific events, chronic pressures, or environmental stimuli that threaten an individual's well-being and require adaptation or coping |
| eustress | "good" or positive stress that motivates, focuses energy, and promotes health, well-being, and performance |
| distress | the negative, unpleasant, or harmful stress response that occurs when a person is overwhelmed by demands, threats, or losses |
| adverse childhood experiences | potentially traumatic events occurring before age 18, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction |
| general adaptation syndrome | Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases — alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
| fight-flight-freeze response | an automatic, physiological reaction to perceived threats, designed for survival, which is activated by the sympathetic nervous system. The body triggers a rapid release of hormones (adrenaline/cortisol), |
| exhaustion phase | the third and final stage of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). It occurs after prolonged, chronic stress, resulting in the depletion of the body's resources, lowered immunity, increased vulnerability to physical/psychological illness, and po |
| tend-and-befriend theory | under stress, people (especially women) may nurture themselves and others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). |
| problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly — by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. |
| emotion-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions, and that help individuals and communities to thrive. |
| virtues | positive, morally valued character strengths that allow individuals to thrive, classified under positive psychology; wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence |
| posttraumatic growth | positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. |
| psychological disorders | a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior |
| cultural norms | the shared, learned expectations and rules that guide behavior within a specific group or society. These unwritten rules dictate appropriate behavior, values, and beliefs, shaping how individuals interact and interpret their world. |
| stigma | the negative attitudes, stereotypes, and social disapproval directed at individuals based on specific characteristics, such as mental illness, that differ from societal norms |
| racism | a system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on phenotypic properties (skin color, hair texture) that unfairly disadvantages marginalized groups while advantaging others |
| sexism | prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex |
| ageism | prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping directed at an individual or group based on their age |
| discrimination | the unjustifiable, negative behavior or action directed toward a specific group or its members, often rooted in prejudice |
| American psychiatric association | the primary medical organization of psychiatrists in the U.S. and globally, focused on diagnosing, treating, and researching mental illnesses |
| diagnostic and statistical manual | the American Psychiatric Association's authoritative handbook for classifying, diagnosing, and treating mental disorders |
| international classification of mental disorders | a global, standardized, and comprehensive coding system used to classify all medical conditions, including mental and behavioral disorders |
| maladaptive | actions or tendencies that inhibit a person’s ability to adjust to healthy situations, often hindering daily functioning, social relationships, and overall well-being |
| diathesis-stress model | the concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors (stress) to influence psychological disorder. |
| neurodevelopmental disorders | central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder). |
| attention-deficit disorder | a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. |
| autism spectrum disorder | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors. |
| schizophrenic spectrum disorders | a group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression |
| delusions | a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. |
| disorganized thinking | fragmented, illogical, or incoherent thought patterns that impair communication, often resulting in "word salad," tangential speech, or rapidly jumping between unrelated topics |
| disorganized motor behavior | unusual, unpredictable, or purposeless physical movements and gestures often associated with schizophrenia |
| acute disorder | a short-term, intense psychological reaction occurring within one month (3 days to 4 weeks) after exposure to a traumatic event |
| chronic condition | a long-term illness or health disorder that persists for an extended period, generally at least 3 months to over a year, and often cannot be cured, requiring ongoing medical management |
| depressive disorders | a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function. |
| major depressive disorders | a disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. |
| persistent depressive disorder | a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years (formerly called dysthymia.) |
| bipolar disorders | a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.) |
| bipolar disorder 1 | the most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer. |
| bipolar disorder 2 | a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania. |
| anxiety disorders | a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors. |
| specific phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
| agoraphobia | fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic. |
| panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack. |
| social anxiety disorder | intense fear and avoidance of social situations. |
| generalized anxiety disorder | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both. |
| intrusive thoughts | unwanted, involuntary, and often disturbing mental images, urges, or thoughts that interrupt the flow of conscious thought |
| hoarding disorder | a mental health condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, due to a perceived need to save them |
| dissociative amnesia | a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history. |
| dissociative disorder | a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior. |
| dissociative identity disorder | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.) |
| trauma and stressor related disorder | a group of mental health conditions triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic or severely stressful event |
| posttraumatic stress disorder | a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
| feeding and eating disorders | mental health conditions characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise. |
| bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
| personality disorder | a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distre |
| cluster A | odd or eccentric disorders (paranoid, schizoid: lack of interest in relationships, schizotypal: odd beliefs or behaviors) |
| cluster B | dramatic, emotional, erratic (antisocial: disregard for others and their rights, histrionic: excessive attention seeking, narcissistic: inflate self-importance, they believe they are superior, emotionally unstable/boarder line: rapid mood swings, intense |
| cluster C | anxious and fearful (avoidant: fear of rejection, obsessive compulsive: preoccupation with perfection or control, dependent: relying heavily on others) |
| psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. |
| psychotropic medication therapy | the use of psychoactive drugs to treat mental health disorders by altering neurotransmitter activity in the brain, thereby regulating mood, thoughts, and behaviors |
| nonmaleficence | the ethical principle of "doing no harm" to clients or participants, requiring researchers and clinicians to avoid causing intentional harm, minimize unavoidable risks, and prioritize safety |
| fidelity | the ethical principle of being loyal, trustworthy, and honoring commitments in professional relationships |
| integrity | the ethical requirement for psychologists to be honest, accurate, and trustworthy in their research and therapy |
| respect | the ethical principle of respect for persons, emphasizing treating individuals with dignity, protecting their autonomy, and ensuring voluntary informed consent in research |
| psychodynamic therapies | theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences. |
| cognitive therapies | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
| cognitive triad | a key cognitive-behavioral theory explaining depression through three patterns of negative thinking |
| applied behavior analysis | a scientific, evidence-based therapy that applies learning principles—specifically operant conditioning—to understand and modify observable behaviors |
| exposure therapy | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid. |
| biofeedback | a therapeutic, self-regulation technique that uses electronic instruments to measure and display real-time, normally involuntary physiological processes |
| cognitive-behavioral therapy | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). |
| hypnosis psychoactive medications | kind of therapy; fixing your pain or anxiety in an altered state; can help change a habit |
| antidepressants | drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. |
| antianxiety | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. |
| antipsychotic medications | a class of psychotropic drugs used in biomedical therapy to treat severe thought disorders, most notably schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, by reducing positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. |
| lobotomy | a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. |
| electroconvulsive therapy | a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person. |
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