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bio 32 and 33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neoproterozoic Era | 1 bil-541 mil years ago. Showed predation in fossils |
| Paleozoic Era | |
| Mesozoic Era | |
| Cenozoic Era | |
| Animal characteristics | Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular, no cell walls, tissues developed from embryonic layers |
| Ectoderm | germ layer covering embryo surface |
| Endoderm | innermost germ layer, lines archenteron |
| Archenteron | developing digestive tube |
| Triploblastic | has mesoderm, is bilaterally symmetrical |
| Coelomate | body cavity is totally in mesoderm |
| Pseudocoelom | coelom is mesoderm and endoderm |
| Acoelomate | triploblastic w/o coelom |
| Protostome | spiral determinate(fate) cleavage, mesoderm splits for coelom, mouth first |
| Deuterostome | radial indeterminate cleavage, archenteron form coelom, mouth second |
| Diploblastic | has gastrovascular cavity, no mesoderm |
| Porifera! | Sponges (lack tissues, sessile, asymmetrical) |
| Choanocytes | collar cells: generate a water current through sponge |
| Amoebocyte | play role in digestion and skeletal fibers, totipotent |
| Totipotent | can become other type of cell in sponge |
| Cnidaria! | jellies and coral (has cnidocytes, gastrocavity, nerve net) |
| Medusazoan vs. Anthozoan | medusa during life vs. only polyp whole life |
| Lophotrochozoa! | molecularily identified (might have lophophore or trochophore) (bilateria) |
| Platyhelminthes | Lophotrocozoa: flatworms.(acoelomate, has ganglia and eyespots) |
| Syndermata | Lophotrocozoa: rotifers have mouth, anus, and jaws. Acanthocephalans are parasites. coelomate) |
| Ectoprocta | Lophotrocozoa: has lophophore (arms for feeding) (coelomate) |
| Brachiopoda | Lophotrocozoa: has lophophore and is shell-like |
| Mollusca | Lophotrocozoa: has respiratory structures. coelomate w muscular foot, mantle, and visceral mass |
| Polyplacophora | Mollusca: Chitons, segmented shell unsegmented body |
| Gastropoda | Mollusca: snails and slugs, ganglia and many hearts |
| Bivalvia | Mollusca: clam/oyster, has shell |
| Cephalopoda | Mollusca: squid/octopus, closed circulatory system |
| Annelids | Lophotrocozoa: coelomate with segmented body and internal organs |
| Errantia | Annelids: free moving predators |
| Sedentaria | Annelids: sessile, complete gut, closed circulatory |
| Ecdysozoans! | covered by tough cuticle, which molts during ecdysis |
| ecdysis | tough cuticle is molted |
| Nematodes | Ecdysozoans: unsegmented roundworms, pseudocoelomate, longitudinal muscles (thrashing) |
| Arthropods | Ecdysozoans: spider and crustaceans, coelomate, segemented body with joint appendages and exoskeleton |
| 3 Arthropod lineages | Chelicerates, Myriapods, Pancrustaceans |
| Deuterostomia! | anus forms first, echinoderms and chordates |
| Echinoderms | Deuterostome: coelomate, 5-way symmetry, endoskeleton |
| Chordates | Deuterostome: has notocord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and muscular post anal tail |
| Notocord | longitudinal flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord |
| Cephalochordata/Lancelet | invertebrate chordate, filter feeder w chordate traits as adult |
| Tunicates/Urochordata | invertebrate chordate, sea squirts, use current to siphon food |
| Cyclostomata/Jawless fish | lack jaw, include hagfish and lampreys |
| Myxini/Hagfish | elementary vertebrate, produce slime |
| Petromyzontida/Lamprey | cartilaginous skeleton, rows of teeth (dissected) |
| Gnathostomata clade | lateral line system, enlarged forebrain |
| Chondrichthyes | Sharks and rays, cartilaginous skeleton |
| Osteichthyes clade | bony endoskeleton, hinged jaw, paired fins, external keratin structures |
| Actinopterygii | Ray-finned fish |
| Sarcioterygii | Lobe-finned fish, tetrapods started evolving |
| Tetrapods | 4 limbs with digits, neck, no gills, ears, fuse pelvic girdle to backbone |
| Amphibians | cutaneous skin somewhat, larva live in water |
| 3 Amphibian clades | Urodelia(tailed), Anura(tail-less), Apoda(leg-less) |
| Amniote | terrestrial tetrapod, ribcage ventilates lungs, lungs as juvenile and adult |
| Reptiles | Amniotes, scales or feathers, most ectothermic |
| Lepidosaurs | Reptile: Tuatara(nearly extinct) and Squamates (snakes/lizards) with moveable upper jaw |
| Testudines | Reptile: Turtles, shell fused with vertebrae |
| Crocodilia | Reptile: 4 chambered heart, thoracic breathing |
| Aves | Reptile: birds, weight saving adaptations (no bladder, no teeth, hollow bones, small reproductive organs) |
| Mammals | Amniotes, has 2 skull holes, complex kidney, mammary glands, extensive parental care, differentiated teeth |
| Monotremes | Egg-laying mammal, lack nipples so milk secrete on abdomen through fur |
| Marsupials | Pouched mammal, completes development in marsupium |
| Eutharians | Mammals that develop in uterus, include primates |
| Primate | hands and feet, flat nails, opposable thumbs, forward facing eyes |
| Homeostasis | Maintain steady internal state despite external conditions (pH, blood, glucose) |
| Thermoregulation | maintain internal temp within normal range |
| Acclimatization | temporary homeostasis change during animal's lifetime |
| Ectothermic | gain heat externally |
| Endothermic | generate heat by metabolism |
| Poikilotherm | body temp varies considerably |
| Homeotherm | body temp is relatively constant |
| 4 Heat exchanges | radiation, conduction, evaporation, convection |
| 5 adaptations for thermoregulation | insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evaporation, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production |
| thermogenesis | adjusting metabolic heat production to maintain body temp |
| Bergmann's Rule | body mass increases with latitude (north) |
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