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AP world unit 9
AMSCO
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| radio | A communication tool that allowed for the rapid spread of news and culture across borders. |
| shipping containers | Standardized metal boxes that revolutionized global trade by making it cheaper and faster to move goods. |
| Green Revolution | A mid-20th-century movement that increased food production through high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers. |
| crossbreeding | The process of breeding different varieties of plants or animals |
| genetic engineering | Directly altering an organism's DNA to produce desired traits, such as disease-resistant crops. |
| antibiotic | Medicines, like penicillin, used to kill bacteria and treat infections that were previously fatal. |
| birth control | Technologies and pills that gave women more control over reproduction, leading to smaller family sizes. |
| fertility rates | The average number of children born to women in a population, which generally declined as countries industrialized. |
| vaccines | Injections that provide immunity to specific diseases, drastically reducing global mortality rates. |
| pandemics | Outbreaks of infectious diseases that spread across multiple countries or continents. |
| smallpox | A deadly viral disease that was completely eradicated worldwide by 1980 through global vaccination efforts. |
| malaria | A disease spread by mosquitoes that primarily affects tropical regions and persists due to poverty. |
| Doctors Without Borders | An international NGO that provides emergency medical care in war zones and disaster areas. |
| tuberculosis ( TB) | A bacterial infection of the lungs that is often associated with poverty and crowded living conditions. |
| cholera | A waterborne disease that causes severe dehydration; it remains a threat in areas without clean water. |
| polio | A paralyzing disease that was nearly eliminated in the 20th century thanks to effective vaccines. |
| Jonas Salk | The scientist who developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine in 1955. |
| Albert Sabin | The scientist who developed an oral polio vaccine that was easier to distribute globally. |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS) | A chronic, life-threatening condition caused by HIV that became a global epidemic in the late 20th century. |
| human immunodeficiency syndrome ( HIV) | A virus that attacks the immune system and is the cause of AIDS. |
| antiretroviral drugs | Medications used to treat HIV/AIDS, turning it from a death sentence into a manageable condition. |
| ebola | A rare but deadly viral hemorrhagic fever that caused major outbreaks in West Africa. |
| heart disease | A non-contagious condition that became more common as people lived longer and changed their diets. |
| heart transplant | A surgical procedure to replace a failing heart with a healthy one from a donor. |
| Christiaan Barnard | The surgeon who performed the world's first successful human-to-human heart transplant in 1967. |
| Robert Jarvik | The inventor who developed the first permanent artificial heart. |
| artificial heart | A mechanical device used to replace or support a failing biological heart. |
| Alzheimer's disease | A form of dementia that affects memory and brain function |
| deforestation | The clearing of large forest areas for agriculture or industry, contributing to habitat loss and climate change. |
| desertification | The process by which fertile land becomes desert, often due to drought or improper farming. |
| air quality | The measurement of pollutants in the air, which worsened during rapid industrialization. |
| water scarcity | The lack of sufficient fresh water to meet the demands of a population. |
| greenhouse gases | Gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. |
| fossil fuels | Energy sources like coal, oil, and gas that release carbon when burned. |
| renewable energy | Energy from sources that do not run out |
| Green Party | Political parties focused on environmentalism, social justice, and nonviolence. |
| Green Belt Movement | An organization in Kenya that focuses on environmental conservation by planting trees. |
| global warming | The long-term increase in Earth’s average temperature caused by human activity. |
| carbon footprint | The total amount of greenhouse gases produced by an individual, event, or organization. |
| Kyoto Protocol | A 1997 international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Paris Agreement | A 2015 global agreement to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. |
| antropocene | A proposed geological epoch defined by the significant impact humans have had on Earth's ecosystems. |
| Ronald Reagan | U.S. President who promoted supply-side economics and reduced government regulation. |
| Margaret Thatcher | UK Prime Minister who championed "Thatcherism," emphasizing free markets and privatizing state industries. |
| economic liberalization | The process of limiting government power in the economy and increasing private sector activity. |
| free markets | An economic system where prices are determined by unrestricted competition between private businesses. |
| Augusto Pinochet | Chilean dictator who implemented neoliberal economic reforms based on free-market principles. |
| Deng Xiaoping | Chinese leader who moved China toward a market economy through his "Four Modernizations. |
| Tiananmen Square | Site of a 1989 student-led protest in Beijing for political reform that was violently suppressed by the government. |
| knowledge economy | An economy based on creating, evaluating, and trading knowledge and information. |
| Asian tiger | Four high-growth economies (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan) that industrialized rapidly. |
| NAFTA | A trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico that eliminated most tariffs between them. |
| maquiladoras | Factories in Mexico, often near the U.S. border, that assemble imported components for export. |
| Mercosur | A South American trade bloc established to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods. |
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN) | A regional organization of Southeast Asian nations focused on economic growth and security. |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT) | An international treaty that reduced trade barriers; it was the predecessor to the WTO. |
| protective tariffs | Taxes on imported goods designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. |
| World Trade Organization ( WTO) | An international body that oversees and enforces global trade rules. |
| multinational coroporation | A large business that operates and produces goods or services in multiple countries. |
| Microsoft | A global technology giant that played a key role in the rise of the personal computer and knowledge economy. |
| A multinational tech company that revolutionized how information is accessed via the internet. | |
| Mahindra & Mahindra | An Indian multinational corporation that produces automobiles and farm equipment globally. |
| Nestle | A Swiss multinational food and drink company, one of the largest in the world. |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | A 1948 UN document stating the fundamental rights all humans are entitled to. |
| human rights | Basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world. |
| United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund ( UNICEF) | A UN agency providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children and mothers worldwide. |
| refugees | People who have been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. |
| Negritude Movement | A literary and ideological movement developed by Francophone African intellectuals to celebrate "blackness." |
| Leopold Sedar Senghor | A leader of the Negritude Movement and the first president of independent Senegal. |
| liberation theology | A religious movement, primarily in Latin America, that emphasizes aid to the poor and social justice. |
| Pope Francis | The first Pope from the Americas, known for his focus on the poor and environmental issues. |
| Civil Rights Act | A 1964 U.S. law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. |
| Voting Rights Act | A 1965 U.S. law that aimed to overcome legal barriers preventing African Americans from voting. |
| apartheid | A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. |
| pass laws | Internal passport laws in South Africa used to limit the movement of black citizens under apartheid. |
| Desmond Tutu | An archbishop and activist who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent opposition to apartheid. |
| Nelson Mandela | Anti-apartheid leader who was imprisoned for 27 years before becoming South Africa’s first black president. |
| African National Congress ( ANC) | The primary political party that led the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. |
| pariah state | A nation considered an outcast in the international community, like South Africa was during apartheid. |
| F.W. de Klerk | The South African president who worked with Mandela to end apartheid and transition to democracy. |
| Truth and Reconciliation Commision ( TRC) | A court-like body in South Africa used to help the country heal after apartheid. |
| Dalits | People formerly known as "untouchables" in India’s caste system who continue to fight for equal rights. |
| caste reservation system | India's policy of setting aside government jobs and college seats for historically disadvantaged groups. |
| Earth Day | An annual event on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. |
| Greenpeace | An international organization that uses non-violent creative action to expose global environmental problems. |
| Wangari Maathai | An environmental activist and Nobel laureate who founded the Green Belt Movement. |
| Green Belt Movement | An NGO that focuses on environmental conservation by planting trees and empowering women. |
| modernism | A global movement in art and culture that broke from traditional forms to reflect the complexities of modern life. |
| consumer culture | A social system in which people frequently buy and use new goods, often as a status symbol. |
| popular culture | Cultural products (music, art, fashion) that are mainstream and enjoyed by a mass audience worldwide. |
| Americanization | The global spread of American cultural influence, including business models, food, and media. |
| throwaway culture | A consumerist society characterized by the frequent purchase and disposal of goods. |
| global brands | Companies like Apple or Nike that are recognized and sold in almost every country. |
| Bollywood | The massive Indian film industry based in Mumbai, known for its distinct style and global popularity. |
| anime | A style of Japanese animation that has gained a massive international following. |
| k-pop | A global musical phenomenon originating in South Korea, characterized by high-production music videos and dance. |
| streaming video | Digital technology that allows viewers to watch movies and shows instantly over the internet. |
| social media | Online platforms that allow users to create, share, and consume content globally. |
| Malala Yousafzal | A Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Peace Prize laureate. |
| Olympic Games | A major international sporting event that promotes global competition and cultural exchange. |
| World Cup | The premier international soccer tournament that unites diverse nations through sport. |
| Hari Krishna | A religious movement based on Hindu traditions that gained popularity in Western countries. |
| New Age | A spiritual movement that mixes various religious practices and philosophies, focusing on individual spirituality. |
| Falun Gong | A spiritual movement in China that combines meditation with moral philosophy; it is banned by the Chinese government. |
| nonbelievers | A growing global demographic of people who do not identify with any specific religion or spiritual practice. |
| International Monetary Fund ( IMF) | An organization that promotes global economic stability but is often criticized for its strict loan conditions. |
| child labor | The exploitation of children through any form of work that deprives them of their childhood and education |
| Amazon | A multinational tech giant criticized by some for its impact on small businesses and labor practices. |
| Rana Plaza Factory | The site of a 2013 building collapse in Bangladesh that exposed the dangers of the global "fast fashion" industry. |
| Muhammad Yunus | A social entrepreneur who pioneered microcredit to help poor people start businesses. |
| Brexit | The 2020 withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, signaling a shift toward nationalism. |
| Theresa May | The UK Prime Minister who led the country during the initial negotiations for Brexit. |
| Uighur | A Muslim ethnic minority in China whose treatment has led to international debates over human rights. |
| A Chinese social media platform that operates under strict government censorship. | |
| Manal al-Sharif | A Saudi activist who led the "Women2Drive" campaign against the ban on female drivers. |
| General Assemly | The main deliberative and policymaking body of the United Nations where all member states have a vote. |
| Security Council | The UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security; it includes five permanent members. |
| Secretariat | The administrative arm of the UN that carries out the day-to-day work of the organization. |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | A landmark document that outlines fundamental rights to be protected globally. |
| peacekeeping | The deployment of UN troops to help maintain peace in areas of conflict. |
| World Food Program ( WFP) | A UN branch that provides food assistance and monitors food security worldwide. |
| United Nations Educational, Scientific, and cultural organization ( UNESCO) | A UN agency that promotes international collaboration through education, science, and culture. |
| Human Rights Watch ( HRW) | An international NGO that investigates and reports on human rights abuses around the world. |
| World Bank | An international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital projects. |
| International Peace Bureau | One of the world's oldest international peace federations dedicated to the vision of a world without war. |
Created by:
kaylee.