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Ch 8- lipids
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 pathways in cholesterol metabolism | 1. lipid absorption 2. endogenous 3. exogenous 4. reverse cholesterol |
| how is cholesterol absorbed? | by mixed micelles in order to be absorbed |
| synthesis of cholesterol | daily synthesis of endogenous is regulated by exogenous cholesterol; once synthesized, it is released into circulation as lipoproteins |
| what two enzymes catabolize cholesterol? | LCAT and ACAT |
| what are the five classes of clinically significant lipids | sterol derivatives, fatty acids, glycerol esters, sphingosine derivatives, terpenes |
| unsaturated vs saturated | unsaturated - have double bonds, lowers LDL, liquid @ room temperature saturated - no double bonds, raises LDL |
| Apo A-I (association and function) | HDL major structural protein; activates LCAT |
| Apo A-II | HDL primarily in HDL; activates hepatic lipase; inhibits LCAT |
| Apo A-IV | Chylomicrons, HDL |
| Apo B-48 | chylomicrons in chylomicrons, formed from 100 in intestinal epithelium |
| Apo B-100 | LDL, VLDL Major LDL protein; binds LDL receptor |
| Apo C-I | chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL activates LCAT |
| Apo C-II | chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL activates lipoprotein lipase |
| Apo E | chylomicron remnants, VLDL, LDL, HDL mediates uptake of remnant particles (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL remnants) |
| exogenous pathway | moves lipids from intestines to tissues triglycerides and cholesterol are absorbed and packaged into chylomicrons, lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides, hepatic cells engulf and catabolize remnants |
| 3 options for engulfed chylomicron remnants | 1. used to synthesize VLDL's 2. form bile acids 3. stored as cholesterol esters |
| endogenous pathway | VLDL's are made in the liver from chylomicron remnants, CII activates LPL VLDL is split: LDL1 and remnants are taken up by receptors |
| during fasting VLDL production... during excess carb uptake production.... | decreases increases |
| reverse cholesterol pathway | HDL removes cholesterol from tissues and esterifies it and takes it to the liver for disposal |
| 3 methods by which cholesteryl esters are taken to the liver | 1. taken up by HDL 2. transferred from HDL to Apo B-100 containing LDL's 3. HDL Apo E is recognized and taken up by hepatic remnant receptors |
| what are lipoproteins made up of? | triglycerides, apolipoproteins, cholesterol, and phospholipids |
| what are the four major lipoproteins? | chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL |
| Chylomicrons | <0.94 g/mL transports exogenous triglycerides from intestines to the liver |
| VLDL | 0.94-1.006 g/mL transports endogenous triglycerides from liver to muscles and tissues |
| LDL | 1.019-1.063 g/mL principle cholesterol carrier to tissues |
| HDL | 1.063-1.210 g/mL cholesterol scavenger |
| what conditions are associated with hypercholesterolemia | hypothyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, extrahepatic obstruction of bile duct, drugs and stress |
| what conditions are associated with hypocholesterolemia | hyperthyroidism, hepatocellular disease (decreased synthesis of endothelial cholesterol), malnutrition, starvation, ED's, abetalipoproteinemia |
| Liebermann-burchard method | measured cholesterol extracted into cold chloroform and treated with acetic anhydride, acetic acid and sulfuric acid green complex is measured spectrophotometrically |
| reference cholesterol methodology | gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) |
| cholesterol reference range | <200 mg/dL |
| triglycerides reference range | 60-150 mg/dL |
| cholesterol oxidase | uses Quinoneimine dye to measure cholesterol concentration most common enzymatic procedure |
| causes of hypertriglyceridemia | hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, acute pancreatitis, acute alcoholism |
| causes of hypotriglyceridemia | abetalipoproteinemia |
| triglyceride methodologies | quantitated by enzymatic methods (either colorimetric or fluorometric ) measuring the glycerol portion of the molecule |
| HDL-C methodologies | SPD-Dalichi - uses a synthetic polymer together with a polyanion to block non-HDL lipoproteins PEG-Kypwa medex - uses sulfated α-cyclodextrin with dextran sulfate and MgCl2 to block but not precipitate nonHDL |
| desirable range for HDL-C | >60mg/dL |
| friedewald formula | LDL = (total cholesterol) - (HDL + TG/5) |
| significance of Apo-A | forms the major protein found primarily in HDL risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart attacks |
| metabolic syndrome | group of interrelated metabolic risk factors that appear to directly promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) |
| National cholesterol education program (NCEP) recommends | fasting lipoprotein panel every five years lower LDL |
| risk factors for coronary heart disease | increased LDL, smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure |
Created by:
kingsleya27