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A&P 2
endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| true or false: amines are water soluable | true (except thyroid amines) |
| examples of amines | epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin |
| what are T3 + T4 made of | amino acid tyrosine + iodine |
| true or false: steroid based hormones are transported bound to proteins in blood to become water soluble | true |
| paracrines | eicosanoids that target neighboring cells |
| autocrines | eicosanoids that target themselves |
| true or false: eicosanoids are associated with red blood cells | false |
| prostaglandins | promote pain, inflammation, stimulates smooth muscle in uterus |
| thromboxane | derived from prostaglandins, constricts blood vessels, causes platelets to cluster and release their secretions |
| leukotrienes | constrict respiratory passageways in asthma |
| true or false: aspirin, Tylenol, ibuprofen inhibit formation of prostaglandins | true |
| up regulation is in response to | hyposecretion |
| down regulation is in response to | hypersecretion |
| what are the 3 things activation of a target cell is dependent on | 1. blood levels of hormone 2. number of receptors for hormone on target cell 3. affinity between hormone and receptor |
| what are the 3 hormone interactions | 1. permissiveness: presence of one hormone required for another hormone to exert its full effect 2. synergism: hormones work together to have same effect on target cell 3. antagonism: 2 hormones have opposite effect on target cell |
| humoral control | when chemical in blood directly interacts with endocrine tissue, stimulating/inhibiting release of hormone (ex. blood sugar directly interacts with pancreas to secrete insulin) |
| what does the endocrine system consist of | ductless glands, heart, kidney, placenta |
| what hormones does anterior pituitary gland produce (TP FLAG) | TSH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH |
| which hormones are tropic (TROPIC(al) IS FLAT) | FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH |
| tropic hormones... | regulate release of hormones from other endocrine glands (chain reaction) |
| posterior pituitary stores + releases | ADH + oxytocin (PRODUCED IN HYPOTHALAMUS) |
| hormonal control | chemical control via neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus |
| neural control | release of hormones depends on impulses generated |
| which glands use hormonal control | anterior pituitary |
| which glands use neural control | posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla (for epinephrine and norepinephrine), pineal gland (melatonin) |
| what glands are arranged in cord | adrenal cortex, pancreas, anterior pituitary |
| what glands contain follicles- small cavity that produces secretions | ovary + thyroid |
| true or false: posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla composed of neural tissue | true |
| melatonin produced by | pineal gland |
| melatonin contributes to | sleep/wake cycles |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced by | parathyroid gland |
| stimulus for PTH is | low calcium levels |
| PTH targets | 1. osteoclasts to increase breakdown of bony tissue 2. kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption 3. small intestine to increase calcium absorption |
| calcitonin produced by | thyroid gland |
| calcitonin stimulus | high calcium levels |
| calcitonin target | inhibits osteoclast activity |
| adrenaline and noradrenaline produced by | adrenal medulla |
| adrenaline + noradrenaline stimulus | stress activating sympathetic NS |
| adrenaline + noradrenaline targets and effects | 1 increases HR 2. constricts BVs 3. dilates respiratory passageways 4. decreases digestive activity + urine production |
| glucocorticoids produced by | adrenal cortex |
| glucocorticoids stimulus | ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary |
| glucocorticoids targets + effects | 1. increases blood sugar by causing fats + proteins to convert into glucose 2. increase BP by sodium retention 3. high does can reduce inflammation and suppress immune system |
| true or false: corticosteroid drugs (prednisone) can reduce inflammation | true |
| hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes | Cushing's disease (loss of bone and muscle mass, hypertension, high glucose levels, buffalo hump) |
| hyposecretion of glucocorticoids causes | Addison's disease (low glucose, low BP, dehydration) |
| gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) produced by | adrenal cortex |
| true or false: gonadocorticoids consist of weak androgens + estrogens that convert into testosterone + estrogen | true |
| gonaodocorticoids stimulus | ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary |
| gonadocorticoids targets + effects | 1. puberty 2. development of secondary sex characteristics 3. testosterone influences sex drive in females 4 primary source of estrogen after menopause |
| ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormones) produced by | anterior pituitary gland |
| ACTH stimulus | CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) from hypothalamus due to circadian rhythms and stress |
| ACTH target | adrenal cortex |
| ACTH effect | stimulates release of glucocorticoids and gonadocotorticoids |
Created by:
katiew0