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anatomy test 3
PART ONE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hilum | concave region, serves as entry and exit point for renal arteries, veins, + ureters. facilitates blood and urine flow |
| minor and major calyx | minor- a cup-shaped structure in the kidney. collects urine from renal papillae (the tips of renal pyramids) and funnels it into the major calyx. major- formed by convergence of many minor calyces. funnel urine into the renal pelvis |
| renal cortex + medulla | cortex- the outer layer of the kidney, surrounding the medulla. contains nephrons medulla- innermost part of the kidney. contains pyramids (which are cone-shaped structures that help in urine formation) and collecting ducts for urine. |
| renal pelvis | funnel-shaped structure located at the center of the kidney collects urine produced by the kidney before it moves to the ureter formed by the convergence of minor and major calyces |
| ureter | muscular tube that connects each kidney to the bladder transports urine produced by the kidneys to the bladder for storage |
| renal capsule | a tough, fibrous layer surrounding each kidney provides protection against physical damage and infection. helps maintain the kidney's shape |
| renal column | extensions of the renal cortex between the renal pyramids support the renal pyramids and facilitate blood flow. contain nephrons and blood vessels |
| how does blood flow into and out of the kidneys order | renal artery- from abdominal aorta segmental arteries- branches of the renal interlobar arteries- pass between pyramids towards the cortex arcuate arteries- curves over each pyramid cortical radiate arteries- lead to afferent arterioles of nephron |
| what is the renal corpuscle? (nephron structure) | key structure in the kidney's nephron consists of two main parts: the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries that filters blood. Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate. |
| what are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules? (nephron structure) | proximal- Located immediately after the Bowman’s capsule, it reabsorbs about 65-70% of filtered water and solutes distal- Found after the loop of Henle, it further adjusts the composition of urine by reabsorbing sodium and calcium. |
| what is the loop of henle? | concentrates urine and conserves water descending limb is permeable to water but not salts, allows water to be reabsorbed ascending limb is impermeable to water + actively transports salts out into surrounding tissue = concentration gradient |
| what is a collecting duct? | collects urine from multiple nephrons before it moves to the renal pelvis can deliver urine renal papilla, from where it drains into the minor calyces or can go straight to renal pelvis |
| what are podocytes? | cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus to filter have foot-like extensions called pedicels that wrap around capillaries ->create filtration slits that allow water and small molecules to pass |
| what are mesangial cells? | specialized cells located in the glomeruli of the kidneys can contract and relax which helps regulate blood flow and filtration surface area provide structural support to the glomerular capillaries |
| describe the two different types of nephrons | 1. cortical nephrons (majority) have short loops of henle that barely extend into the medulla 2. juxtamedullary nephrons- long loop of henle extends deep into the medulla for concentrating urine |
| what are peritubular capillaries? | nephron blood supply form from efferent arterioles and surround the renal tubules lead to renal veins and function in tubular reabsorption travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron |
| what are the vasa recta? | nephron blood supply "straight vessels" parallel loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons supply blood to the renal medulla |
| what are the ureters? what kind of tissue is found in the ureters? | you have 2 ureters muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder Transitional Epithelium: Lines the inner surface, allowing for stretching as the ureter fills with urine. |
| what is the juxtaglomerular complex? | structure in the kidney that controls filtration rate and systemic blood pressure located between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule regulates the function of each nephron made up of mascula densa and granular cells |
| mascula densa | mascula densa: an area of closely packed epithelial cells. -sense sodium chloride concentration and regulate glomerular filtration rate and blood flow in glomerulus regulate sodium ion concentration |
| granular cells | granular cells- cells that secrete renin in response to low blood pressure help regulate blood pressure |
| what is the GFR? | glomerular filtration rate |
| how do osmotic and hydrostatic pressures influence glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | hydrostatic pressure- drives fluid out of the capillaries into the Bowman's capsule, promoting filtration and raising GFR due to pressure exerted by fluid osmotic pressure- opposes filtration by pulling water back into the capillaries, reducing GFR. |
| how do changes in the afferent and efferent arteriole constriction and dilation effect GFR? hypertension? dehydration? | dilate afferent arteriole- raise GFR constrict afferent arteriole- lower dilate efferent arteriole- lower constrict efferent arteriole- raise hypertension- raise hypotension- lower dehydration- lower |
| how is GFR regulated | through intrinsic and extrinsic controls |
| myogenic mechanism (intrinsic) | myogenic mechanism- in response to high or low BP. if BP gets too large (increase pressure in afferent arteriole) that puts the glomerulus in danger of blowing up from too much pressure. this mechanism will trigger smooth muscle to constrict AA |
| tubuloglomerulo feedback/ macula densa mechanism (intrinsic) | if recovering too many solutes + osmolarity is low = slow flow rate. AA dilates. raises NFP and GFR not recovering enough solutes +osmolarity is high= fast flow rate. AA constricts. lowers NFP and GFR |
| sympathetic nervous system (extrinsic) | norepinephrine and epinephrine promote constriction of AA resulting in lower GFR blood flow to kidneys = 50% less during exercise norepinephrine and epinephrine promote renin release |
| Renin/Angiotensin mechanism (extrinsic) | Renin is synthesized in the granular/ JG cells renin->angiotensin I-> angiotensin II-> constricts mainly efferent arterioles but also afferent raises GFR overall increases systematic blood pressure-> aldosterone is released, increased CO, SV etc |
| what is ANP? (extrinsic) | -hormone produced by the heart's atria in response to increased blood volume -helps regulate blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion in the kidneys -ANP inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, reducing blood pressure |
| what is tubular reabsorption? | the process where the kidneys reclaim water and essential substances from the filtrate back into the bloodstream occurs via diffusion, active transport, and osmosis from renal tubules to peritubular capillaries |
| how is tubular reabsorption accomplished with sodium ions, nutrients, cations, anions and water? | sodium- active transport water- obligatory osmosis nutrients-active transport cations- active transport or diffusion anions- active transport active transport =movement across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration |
| what reabsorption takes place in the loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? | sodium calcium water urea |
| why is vitamin D important? | Promotes calcium absorption |
| what is tubular secretion? | process in the kidneys that helps remove waste from the blood some substances are secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules Substances like hydrogen ions, potassium, and certain drugs are secreted into the urine |
| why is tubular secretion important in regards to potassium ion or hydrogen ion secretion? | It allows for the excretion of excess potassium and hydrogen ions preventing hyperkalemia or acidosis |
| what is the concurrent mechanism? | "opposite flow" controls urine concentration and volume LOH establishes a medullary osmotic concentration gradient for passive reabsorption of water the vasa recta maintain the gradient concentrates urine b/c water is going out of it |
| what is diabetes insipidus? | an uncommon problem that causes the fluids in the body to become out of balance. That prompts the body to make large amounts of urine. It also causes a feeling of being very thirsty even after having something to drink nothing to do w sugar diabetes |
| why is urine the color that it normally is? | Urochrome is a pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine. It is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells |
| how do changes in odor, clarity, pH of urine indicate a problem? | odor- sweet smelling can indicate high blood glucose clarity- cloudiness indicates possible infection pH- reflects persons diet |
| what is urine's composition? | 95% water and 5% solutes solutes from high to low: urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, creatine, uric acid |
| what are some abnormal constitutes of urine? | glucose protein ketones hemoglobin erythrocytes leukocytes bile pigments |
Created by:
emma.thornton