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UNIT 4 NAT SEL GUIDE
[insert description here]
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is directional selection? | one extreme is more favorable than the other two |
| what is stabilizing selection? | average is more favorable than small and large |
| what is disruptive selection | both extreme traits are more favorable than the average |
| adaptation | a trait that is beneficial to an organism |
| Beak depth (Gizmos) | the distance from the top to the bottom of a beak |
| drought (Gizmos) | a period of much lower than normal rainfall |
| Evolution | change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms that occurs over many generations |
| Natural Selection | the process by which favorable inherited traits become more common over time |
| Range (Gizmos) | the difference between the greatest and least value in a data set |
| structural/physical adaption | physical features of an organism's body that assist in some way for survival and reproduction |
| behavioral adaption | things that the organism does which gives it some sort of benefit |
| physiological adaption | things that an organism's body does without it necessarily having to consciously tell it to do so |
| mimicry | when a harmless creature typically has a behavior or appearance resembling a harmful animal. Predators tend to stay away |
| camouflage | when a creature has a combination of colors and patterns that make it blend into its surroundings |
| mimesis | when a creature's appearance mimics a specific object in order to camouflage themselves, usually to obtain prey |
| genetic drift | a change in the genes of a population by random chance, making a particular allele more or less common in the population |
| genetic bottleneck | a change in gene frequency following a dramatic reduction of a population's size |
| founder effect | when a small group of founding individuals colonize a new location, reduced genetic diversity usually occurs |
| when the enzyme lactase breaks down the sugar lactose, which two simple sugars are formed? | glucose and galactose |
| how can you describe human evolution? | Humans are still evolving and will continue to evolve through natural selection. |
| geneticists discovered that the difference between lactase-persistent and lactase-nonpersistent people was due to a mutation. This mutation was not in the part of the lactase gene that encoded the lactase enzyme. | the genetic switch for the lactase gene |
| Scientists hypothesize that the use of milk in pastoralist cultures drove evolution of lactase persistence. what does this mean? | Ancient pots used to hold milk are about the same age as the lactase-persistence mutations |
| As shown in the film, one test for lactose tolerance involves drinking a liter of milk, then measuring your blood glucose levels. Why does this test indicate whether you are able to digest lactose? | When lactose is digested by lactase, the glucose that is produced enters the bloodstream from the small intestine. |
| homologous structures | structures/bones that look similar in various species but may have different functions |
| vestigial structures | remaining structures that haven't fully disappeared from an organism's body but have lost most or all of their orginal purpose |
| embryology | the study of the development of embryos across different species |
| DNA evidence | the ability to examine the DNA of different organisms |
| cladogram | a branching diagram that illistrates relationships between organisms |
| cladistics | a method of hypothesizing the evolutionary relationships between species |
| evolution | the process of change over time |
| species vary globally | different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar, habits around the globe |
| species vary locally | different, yet related animal species often occupied different habitats within a local area |
| species vary over time | some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species |
| fitness | how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its enviornment |
| when and where did Darwin begin his voyage? | 1835 in the Galapagos Islands |
| what animals did Drawin study? | finches, lizards, tortoises, etc. |
| what kind of scientist was Darwin? | An English naturalist |
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