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Micro Immu Quiz 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First Immune Response | – faster than adaptive response - Destruction of microbes - Activation of phagocytes and inflammation |
| Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) | – Found in pathogens - LPS (TLR4) - Peptidoglycan – Gram (+/-) cell wall. TLR2 - Proteins - Toxins – anthrax. Body responds in a unique way - Nucleic acids |
| Danger associated molecular pattern | – getting rid of damaged cells. Starts healing process - Recognized by PRR |
| Receptors | binds to a very specific ligand |
| Toll like receptors | – Membrane associated - Signaling cascade |
| Scavenger receptors | – detect lipoproteins - Help phagocytosis of bacteria - Clearance of apoptotic cells |
| Osposins | any substance that enhances/aids phagocytosis - Complements C3B - C reactive protein (acute inflammation marker) - Antibodies |
| Imflammasomes/NOD like receptors | - Source of a lot of imflammatory diseases. - Cytosolic receptos - Detect variety of PAMPs |
| Markers of abnormal self | Reduction of MCH 1 |
| Lysosomes | Tears, saliva. Helps reduce the amount of bacteria there - Breaks down DNA and RNA |
| Complement | soluble proteins and enzymes. Innate responses - Lysis of bacteria, cells and viruses (punches holes) - Phagocytosis - recruit inflammatory cells |
| C3b | – binds to microbe. Major opsonin |
| If Factor B and D binds | bad for pathogens. Makes it move forward |
| If Factor H and I binds | inhibits activation of compliment |
| C3 Convertase | – Binds to c3 and converts it into C5 convertase |
| C5 Convertase | breaks apart C5 into C5a and C5b |
| C5b | – initiation of membrane attack complex (MAC) |
| Multiple C9 insertions | results in pore in pathogen. It will pop |
| Mannan-binding lectin pathway (MBLP) | Binding to mannose • Interacts with MBL-MASP |
| Anaphylatoxins | – Chemoattractants to phagocytes - C3a, C4a, C5a |
| Cytokines | Proteins secreted by variety of cells. Not just WBC. |
| IL-13 are important for.. | Allergies |
| Chemokines | – act as chemoattractants. Draw in WBC to help protect you. Alarm signal |
| Autocrine | acts on self |
| Paracrine | Acts on nearby cells |
| Endocrine | system wide |
| Type 1 Interferons/IFN alpha and beta | . Initiate antiviral state. Slows down infectious cells - Activates Natural killer/Natural Killer T Cells and MICA/MICB |
| IL-Beta and TNF Alpha | induce blood vessels to become more permeable. Similar overlapping features |
| IL-6 | Induces fat and muscle cells faster. Increases fever to slow down growth of pathogens |
| CXCL8/IL-8 | Recruits neutrophils from blood. Signals that the site has been infected |
| IL-12 | Helps recruit NK cells. Allows macrophages to eat up dead matter |
| TNA alpha includes... | - Rheumatoid arthritis - Psoriasis - Crohn’s disease - Colitis - Too much/little = bad |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfment and degradation of microbes and debris. - Mediated by cell surface receptors and clathrin-coated pits, PRRs, complement/Fc/Scavenger receptors |
| Macropinocytosis | Clathrin independent |
| Phagosomes will fuse with ... | Lysosomes |
| Lysosomes are used for.. | acid hydrolases, proteases, nucleases, lipases to digest pathogen |
| Why do we still get infections | – Pathogens hide in certain areas. Protection. Capsules. Toxins released |
| Phagocytosis changes occurs... | after ingesting pathogens |
| Ingestion of pathogens | – activates the phagocytes to increase secretion of cytokines and chemokines |
| IgA | Found in mucosal sites (where mucous is present) - Helps traps bacteria – Dimeric (2 antibodies put together) |
| Immunoglobulins | – Synthesized by B cells and secreted by plasma cells |
| Antibody | immunoglobulin with specific epitope |
| Every antibody has.., | a single specificity |
| Humoral response | – immunity mediated by antibodies |
| How many polypeptides in immunoglobulins | 4 |
| How many light/heavy chains in immunoglobulins | 2 |
| Immunoglobulins are linked by... | Disulfide bonds (cystine) |
| Light chains | Variable and constant domains |
| How is variable domain generated | Randomly |
| Heavy Chains | – 1 variable and 3-4 constant domains |
| Antigen/Epitope binding region | made up of only variable domains (light and heavy) |
| Randomness creates... | A large pool of diversity |
| Fab | epitope binding region (the arms) |
| Fc | constant (located at the bottom of the y) |
| F(ab')2 | both Fab fragments |
| IgD | Monomeric structure mostly expressed on B-Cell surface - Involved in homeostasis and immune surveillance - Not entirely clear (DON’T KNOW) |
| IgG | – Secreted in monomeric form. 4 subclasses (differentiated by hinge region) - Highest concentration of immunoglobulin in circulation - Activate complement in the classical pathway - Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
| Opsonization | helps break down phagocytosis - part of IgG |
| Neutralization | – prevents virus from getting into the cell - Part of IgG |
| IgE | smallest concentration in circulation - Bind to mast cells and basophils - High risk of getting allergies |
| IgM | – Monomeric form of unactivated b cells - Secreted in pentameric forms (J chain) - Immobilized antigen and activates classical compliment pathway - 5 antibodies put together |
| IgA are | - J Chain (IgA and IgM) - Secretory component needed for transport to mucosal surfaces - Found in mucus, saliva, tears, etc |
| IgG and IgM | very good at activating classical complex cascade |
| Classical pathway complement activation | – same pathway as MBL pathway. Leads to production of C3 convertase |
| MICA/MICB | helps bind to killer activating receptor cells |
| There are more ___ synthesized than all other immunoglobulins combined because of outside bacteria | IgA |
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