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Microbio L16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory tract | Upper and lower tracts - Heavily vascularized in lungs Mucus to trap microbes/particles Cilia to brush it up and away - Mucociliary elevator |
| Inflammation of RT Sinusitis and rhinitis | Runny, clogged nose |
| Inflammation of RT Pharyngitis | Sore throat |
| Inflammation of RT Epiglottitis | Breathing difficulty |
| Inflammation of RT Laryngitis | Lost voice |
| Inflammation of RT Tracheitis and Bronchitis | Wheezing |
| Inflammation of RT Pneumonia | Basically inflammation of the lungs |
| Common symptoms of the RT | Dyspnea (shortness of breath) Sneezing Coughing Fatigue Sore throat Runny nose Stridor (wheezing) Fever (if infected) |
| Don't have a fever but experiencing other symptoms? | Most likely allergies!! |
| Respiratory microbiome | No longer thought to be sterile Different phyla in different parts Most important: commensals can out-compete pathogens |
| Colds (acute respiratory infection) | Most common Mainly rhinoviruses and coronaviruses |
| How is a cold spread? | By droplets and fomites (fomite- i sneeze on this table you eat off this table) |
| Symptoms and more stuff about a cold Treatment? Severe? | Runny nose, sneezing, coughing, fatigue, loss of appetite, low fever Symptoms all similar, but severity differs Self limiting Treatment = rest Mostly not severe, but economic impact |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Can cause severe pneumonia and high fevers in infants and elderly Vaccine in distribution |
| Influenza Types | A is most common and severe, B can be difficult, C is rare |
| How is influenza spread, and more on it How long does it take to recover? | Spread by droplets and fomites Same as colds, but with pneumonia More debilitating, takes longer to recover Still mostly in upper tract Scarier strains impact lower tract more |
| Influenza strains | Strains named after HA and NA proteins Common strains: H1N1, H2N2, H3,N2 |
| Gradual changes in spikes leads to | antigens drift Reason why we need a flu shot each year |
| Sudden genetic changes | antigenic shift Cause of flu pandemics |
| Influenza Treatment | Attenuated vaccine 4 different strains Depending on the year Can NOT give a healthy person the flu! |
| Antivirals | inhibit NA spikes (mostly) Resistance is common |
| Novel Coronaviruses Some cause more severe disease than a | cold |
| SARS-CoV-1 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Emerged from bats in SE asia- 2003 human to human spread Kills 10-20% of those infects |
| MERS- CoV | Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Emerged from camels in Saudi Arabia in 2012, human to human spread not common Kills 30-40% of those infects |
| SARS- CoV-2 Pt 1 | Emerged from ??bats?? In China in 2019 Highlight contagious, easy human to human spread Severe pneumonia, damage to lung tissue |
| SARS- CoV-2 Pt 2 | ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome Intubation Many vaccine options (in US: mRNA is common) Will likely circulate seasonally |
| Variant: | viral mutation that changes disease Increases at least one of the following: - Transmissibility -Disease severity - Immune evasion - Drug resistance - Diagnostic avoidance |
| If common, becomes a new | STRAIN |
| Strep throat | Commonly caused by streptococcus pyogenes Gram + Spread by droplets from asymptomatic carriers Non-viral pharyngitis (with some sinusitis) Rarely: develop rash and scarlet fever Pus in throat, cough usually absent Treated with antibiotics |
| Diphtheria | Gram + Infects upper respiratory tract and skin Toxins that kill cells in RT - Severe neck swelling, pseudomembranes block airways - Weakness, dyspnea, eventually coma - Death in 10% treated, 50% untreated |
| Diphtheria is treated with wat | Treated with antibiotics, serum to neutralize toxin Vaccine against diphtheria toxin in common use DTaP and Tdap |
| Pertussis (whooping cough) | Gram - Symptoms caused by pertussis toxin |
| Pertussis (whooping cough) 3 Stages | 1. Cold-like with no fever 2. Severe coughing attacks (paroxysms Cause rib fracture, eye bleeding, vomiting 3. Convalescence |
| Pertussis (whooping cough) Vaccine | Vaccine (DTaP) Brief reemergence in teens Discovered a booster is necessary Tdap |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Can get it from raw milk Acid fast Leading cause of infectious death (before Covid) Killed 1.4 million 2019 Rates decreasing by 2% a year |
| Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms | Fever, cough with blood, sweating, weight loss |
| TB Treatment | Vaccine (BCG) used only in areas of active spread Tuberculin skin test for screening X-rays also used for screening Separates latent from active cases Antibiotics used (isoniazid), but resistance is emerging |
| Typical pneumonia Pneumococcal | Can spread to blood Vaccines exist (children and elderly) |
| Typical pneumonia HIB | Severe in children, can spread to brain Vaccines work extremely well Down to 50 cases in US a year |
| Typical pneumonia | human to human |
| Atypical pneumonia | human to human or animal to human |
| 1 human to human atypical pneumonia | Mycoplasma pneumoniae • Walking pneumonia, more mild • No cell wall |
| 1 animal to human atypical pneumonia | Coxiella burnettii • Q fever • From livestock droppings |
| Fungi are commonly ______ pathogens | Opportunistic |
| Fungal Respiratory infections | - Few (if any) issues for healthy people - Danger for immunocompromise Mostly spread via spores Depends on the environment Treated with antifungal drugs |
| Dimorphic | different shapes in environment vs in host |
| Ubiquitous Respiratory fungal infections Aspergillos | In every day environment (breathing it now) Infect lungs and brain |
| Ubiquitous Respiratory fungal infections Pneuomocystis Pneumonia | NOT spread via spores, unclear Usually fatal (with treatment, 40% die) |
| Colds is caused by | Rhinoviruses |
| Influenza is caused by | Influenze viruses |
| Coronavirus is caused by | Sars CoV 2 |
| Strep throat is caused by | S. pyogenes |
| Diphtheria is caused by | C. diphtheriae |
| Pertussis is caused by | B. Pertussis |
| TB is caused by | M. Tuberculosis |
| Pneuomonococcal is caused by | S. Pneumoniae |
| HiB is caused by | H. Influenzae |
| Asperigillosis is caused by | Aspergillus |
| Pneumocystis Pneumonia is caused by | P. jirovecii |
Created by:
liladdoyle