Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Topic 10
BIOL - Topic 10
| ecological community | a group of pops of diff species living and interacting in the same place at the same time |
| term for a group of pops of diff species living and interacting in the same place at the same time | ecological community |
| community ecology | study of how species interacts with each other and how those interactions shape pop sizes, distributions and biodiversity |
| community ecology focuses on | interspecific interactions |
| community ecology links species interactions to | ecosystem structure and biodiversity |
| species interactions are classified by | their effect on each species |
| competition | - / - |
| - / - | competition |
| intraspecific competition | between same species, dens depend factor, often stronger than interspecific comp |
| what type of comp is is a dens depend factor | interspacific |
| interspecific comp | between diff species, can affect pop size of both or one species, may lead to exclusion or coexistence |
| what type of comp may lead to exclusion or coexistence | interspecific |
| predation | + / - |
| direct effect of predation | decreased prey survival |
| indirect effect of predation | can alter prey behaviours, habitat use, chronic stress levels, and life histories |
| predation regulating prey population is an ex of | top down control |
| predation can maintain diversity by | preventing competition dominance |
| selective predation | take old, sick, young -> improve prey fitness |
| predation can initiate trophic ___ | cascades - effects ripple down food web |
| herbivory | + / - |
| most herbivory is | small and chronic, not dramatic |
| compensatory growth | light grazing can stimulate plant growth |
| term fro light grazing of plants can sometimes stimulate plant growth | compensatory |
| herbivores regulate | plant pops |
| herbivores shape | veg structure |
| herbivores transfer ___ to higher trophic levels | energy |
| parasitism | + / - |
| what is parasitism | a symbiotic relationship where 1 organism benefits at the espense of the other |
| what is the most common consumer strategy on earth | parasitism |
| ectoparasites | live on the host |
| what type of parasite lives on the host | ectoparasite |
| ex of ectoparasite | ticks, lice |
| endoparasite | live within the host |
| what type of parasite lives within the host | endoparasite |
| ex of endoparasititism | tapeworm |
| why is parasitism not always lethal | bc good parasites keep hosts alive long enough to reproduce and spread |
| parasites range from _______ no ______ | highly specific to generalists capable of effecting many species |
| parasites can act as | population regulators |
| brood parasitism | 1 bird species lay eggs in other species nests; host raises check, often at the expense of its own offspring |
| parasitoid | organism that lives inside or on a host early in life, eventually killing the host |
| term for organisms that live inside or on a host early in life, eventually killing the host | parasitoid |
| highly specific parasitism | parasitoid |
| mutualism | + / + |
| what is mutualism | where both organisms benefit often through resource or service exchange |
| where both organisms benefit often through resource or service exchange | mutualism |
| many ecosystems are held together by _____, not just competition and predation | mutualism |
| what creates networks of interconnected species | mutualism |
| obligate mutualism | one or both species depend on the interaction to survive or reproduce |
| term for one or both depend on the interaction to survive or reproduce | obligate mutualism |
| what type of mutualism tend to be more specialized and tightly linked | obligate mutualism |
| ex of obligate mutualism | clown fish, sea anemone |
| facultative mutualism | interaction is beneficial but not required for survival |
| term for interactions that are beneficial but to required to survive or reproduce | facultative mutualism |
| what type of mutualism is more flexible and context-dependent | facultative mutualism |
| ex of facultative mutualism | pollinators and flower, birds and seeds |
| commensalism | + / 0 |
| what is commensalism | one species benefits, other unaffected |
| term for one species benefits, other unaffected | commensalism |
| amensalism | 0 / - |
| what is amensalism | one species is harmed, other unaffected |
| term for one species is harmed, other unaffected | amensalism |
| indirect interactions | occur when idivids do not interact directly but affect one another through shared resources, preds, or environments |
| term for what occurs when individs do not interact directly but still affect one another through shared resources, preds, environments | indirect interactions |
| apparent comp | when 2 prey species share common pred, 1 prey pop increases -> pred pop increased -> increased predation on 2nd prey pop enen though the 2 prey species never directly interact |
| term for when 2 prey species share common pred, 1 prey pop increases -> pred pop increased -> increased predation on 2nd prey pop enen though the 2 prey species never directly interact | apparent comp |
| co-evolution | reciprocal evo change in 2 or more species driven by their interactions; each species acts as a selective pressure on the other |
| term for reciprocal evo change in 2 or more species driven by their interactions; each species acts as a selective pressure on the other | co-evolution |
| in co-evo, if 1 species faces ne selective pressures this leads to | ongoing, coupled evo change |
| reciprocal selection | each species selects for traits in the other |
| term for each species selects for traits in the other | reciprocal selection |
| co-evo is non-random bc its driven by | specific interactions |
| evo arms race | cycle of co-eco escalation; 1 species improves offense, other improves defence , repeat indefinitely |
| term for cycle of co-eco escalation; 1 species improves offense, other improves defence , repeat indefinitely | arms races |
| red queen hypoth | organisms must keep evolving just to maintain fitness relative to co-evolving partners |
| what hypoth states that organisms must keep evolving just to maintain fitness relative to co-evolving partners | red queen hypoth |
| arms races escalates _____ | adaptations |
| arms races cannot escalate indefinitely bc | trade-offs and costs often stabilize traits |
| pred - prey co-evo model is an ex of | red queen hypoth |
| ex of red queen hypoth | pred-prey co-evo |
| bots and moths arms race | bats evolve more precise echolocation, moths evolve better detection and interference mechanisms |
| newt and garter snake arms race | newts evolve higher toxin levels, snakes evolve greater toxin resistance |
| why do newts and garter snakes suggests co-evo relationships across pops | newt toxicity and snake resistance track each other geographically (high-high and low-low) |
| crypsis is a | visual anti-predator strategy |
| batesian mimicry is a | visual anti-predator strategy |
| aposematism is a | visual anti-predator strategy |
| mullerian mimicry is a | visual anti-predator strategy |
| crypsis | avoiding detection by blending into the environment, reduced visibility |
| term for avoiding detection by blending into the environment; reduced visibility | crypsis |
| batesian mimicry | a palatable species mimics the appearance of a toxic species |
| term for a palatable species mimics the appearance of a toxic species | batesian mimicry |
| aposematism | warning coloration; bright colors signal 'i am dangerous' |
| term for warning coloration | aposematism |
| mullerian mimicry | 2 or more toxic species resemble each other; both benefit |
| term for 2 or more toxic species that resemble each other | mullerian mimicry |
| herbivory co-evo | drives specialization on narrow set of plants that a herbivore can eat |
| herbivore co-evo of extreme specialization ex | monarch caterpillars feed almost exclusively on milkweed and rely on toxins to make them unpalatable to predators |
| masting trees and seed eaters show temporal arms race | masting trees and seed eaters. trees flood the system; consumers try to keep up; lean years reset the system. overwhelm or avoid predators as opposed to repelling them |
| parasite and hots co-evo show some of the fasted | evo change in nature |
| virulence | the harm a parasite causes to its host |
| term for the harm a parasite causes to its host | virulence |
| low virulence = | host survival, but low transmission rate |
| high virulence = | high transmission, but shorter infection window |
| optimal virulence = | intermediate; maximizes transmission, no damage |
| energy spent on defense = energy not spent on | reproduction or growth |
| heavily armored mussels grow slower than unarmored is an ex of | defense trade-off of energy spent on defense lowers energy spent on growth |
| context-dependent defense | many species only produce defenses when predator cues present to save energy |
| plankton grow neck, teeth and body spines when predators are detected is an ex of | context-depend defense |
| optimal defense theory | invest in protection of most valuable/vulnerable tissues |
| theory for investing in protection of most valuable/vulnerable tissues | optimal defense theory |
| co-evo = | reciprocal evo changes driven by species interactions |
| red queen hypoth suggests species must | keep evolving to survive in changing biotic world |
| arms races produce | escalating adaptations |
| parasite-host co-evo is | rapid and ongoing |
| defense is costly so organisms have to | allocate energy strategically |
| competitive exclusion principle | 2 organisms with the same needs cannot co-exist in the same place forever |
| what principle states that 2 organisms with the same needs cannot co-exist in the same place forever | competitive exclusion principle |
| gauses lab exp | paramecium; grow separately - both survive, grow together - one goes extinct, diff food source - can sometimes coexist, ecologically similar species |
| the plankton paradox | why doesnt one species of plankton species win out |
| ecological niche | the full range of conditions and resources a species uses and responds to; its role in the ecosystem |
| term for the full range of conditions and resources a species uses and responds to | ecological niche |
| habitat | where a species lives |
| term for where a species lives | habitat |
| niche | how a species lives in its habitat |
| term for how a species lives in its habitat | niche |
| niche determines | functional role of an organisms in its environment |
| abiotic factors | temp, light, water, ph/salinity |
| biotic conditions | food source, pred, comp, mutualists/parasistes |
| what is included in ecological niche | habitat, abiotic and biotic factors, behavour and timing |
| what are the behaviour and timing of eco niche | when it feeds, breeding site/season |
| fundamental niche | range of conditions where a species could survive and reproduce |
| term for the range of conditions where a species could survive and reproduce | fundamental niche |
| what niche is usually larger than what species actually occupies | fundamental niche |
| realized niche | range of conditions where species actually live |
| term for the range of conditions where species actually live | realized niche |
| what niche is shrunk by competition, predation and parasitism | realized |
| what niche is larger | fundamental |
| what niche is smaller | realized |
| niche partitioning | when competing species divide up resources to reduce comp, each specializes on a diff subset of shared resource |
| term for when competing species divide up resources to reduce comp by specializing on diff subset of shared resource | niche partitioning |
| what reduces interspecific comp by minimizing overlap of resources | niche partioning |
| what can allow mult species to coexist on same overall resources | niche partioning |
| morphological partitioning | body size/shape differences allow diff resource sizes |
| what type of partitioning is body size/shape differences allow different resource sizes | morphological partitioning |
| character displacement | diff traits only appear when species live together; when only one species is on a land, the trait is intermediate |
| term for diff traits only appear when species live together | character displacement |
| ex of morphological partitioning | darwins finches, diff beak size = diff seed size, diversified into diff food niche (diff size seeds, etc) |
| darwins finches with diff beak size = diff seed size, diversified into diff food niches is an ex of what type of niche partitioning | morphological |
| spatial partitioning | diff microhabitats within the same areas. diff species use diff areas of the same habitat |
| what type of niche partitioning is bc of diff microhabitats within the same areas | spatial partitioning |
| ex of spatial partitioning | warblers forage at diff tree heights, all feed on insects in the same tree but use diff parts of the tree |
| dietary partitioning | closely related predators eat diff prey types |
| what type of niche partitioning is closely related predators eat diff prey types | dietary partitioing |
| ex of dietary partitioning | lions vs cheetahs vs leopards |
| temporal partitioning | species active at diff times |
| what type of niche partitioning occurs when species are active at diff times | temporal partitioning |
| ex of temporal partitioning | owls = nocturnal, hawks - diurnal; use same prey species at diff times |
| diel activity | species utilize the same resource at diff times, such as one species feeding during the day and other at night |
| term for species utilizing the same resources at diff times, such as one species feeding during the day and the other at night | diel activity, part of temporal partitioning |
| temporal partitioning reduces ____ _____ because of diel activity | direct competition |
| ex of morphological and spatial partitioning | plants reduce competition by accessing diff soil depths; grass vs shrubs = diff root zones. trees have deep roots and other plants use shallow fibrous roots |
| keystone species | species whose impact on its community is disproportionately large relative to its abundance |
| term for species whose impact on its community is disproportionately large relative to its abundance | keystone species |
| what type of species causes dramatic, unexpected community reconstruction if removes | keystone |
| what type of species causes trophic cascades | keystone |
| sea otters are an ex of | keystone species |
Created by:
user-2017903