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Blood Test 4
Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of tissue is blood? | Connective tissue |
| How much blood is in the average adult? Male? Female? | 4-6 Liters in adult human. 4-5 Liters per female. 5-6 per Male. |
| Functions of blood | Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and enzymes. Homeostasis of temperature. Immunology. |
| CO2 + O2 equation | CO2+O2 into (Carbonic Acid) H2CO3 into H+ (protons) and HCO3 (bicarbonate) |
| If you breath faster, what goes down, blood becomes more? | H+ and CO2 down, blood more alkaline. |
| If you stop breathing, what builds up? Blood becomes? | CO2 builds up, makes blood acidic. |
| Why does breathing in a paper bag help you when hyperventilating? | Breathing in a paper bag keeps CO2 back into the blood, to re-acidize back to slightly alkaline. |
| Arterial blood Ph | 7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline. |
| Different parts of the body, such as the skin, are more acidic, or alkaline, than blood? | Acidic. |
| How does blood regulate temperature? | Body through vasodilation lets blood flow to the skin to let off heat in summer. In winter, vasoconstricts to keep blood flow inside the body more to retain heat. |
| Immunology at the most basic form is what? | Separating what the body is vs what it's not and getting rid of whats not. |
| Formed elements are? | All the cells in the blood |
| Describe erythrocytes | Anucleate, biconcave discs. Few organelles. Sacks of hemoglobin, 7 um diameter. |
| Why are erythrocytes biconcave? | Most efficient shape to get and drop gases. |
| What is sickle cell anemia? | crystallizing because of low O2, rigid sickle shaped rbc's can't get through capillaries, clog. |
| What is hematocrit? | The RBC's in blood that's been spun on a centrifuge. |
| What is buffy coat in centrifuge spun blood? | WBC's and platelets |
| How much hematocrit is in normal adult blood? Male? Female? | 37-47% for women, 42%-52% for men, more for men. No menses and more muscle mass. |
| Anemia | Depressed hematocrit. |
| Polycythemia | Elevated hematocrit, such as in blood doping. |
| What is special about hemoglobin? | protein that can bind and let go of O2 and CO2 when needed. |
| how many hemoglobin molecules are in a normal rbc? | 250 million. hemoglobin is 90% of the volume of rbc's. |
| What is a heme? | a cyclic organic compound with a central iron ion in the center. |
| How much O2 does Heme's bind to in the body? | 98% of all O2 in the body. |
| What is globin? | Protein with 4 polypeptide side chains. 2 beta chains, 2 alpha chains. Carries CO2. |
| How much CO2 in the body is carried by globin? | 23% of the body's CO2 |
| Thalassemia | alpha or beta. Globin can't carry enough CO2 because of a lack of alphas or betas. Needs 4. |
| How many RBC's are there generally | 24.9 Trillion |
| what cells can become any other cell? | Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells |
| What controls how multipotent hematopoietic stem cells become erythrocytes? | EPO, erythropoietin. (The kidneys and liver make this) Normally as a reaction to low O2 in cells/tissues. |
| What is blood doping? Why is it banned? | Taking out erythrocytes a month or so before a race so the body will fill the void, then adding them back in so the body has extra O2. Makes the blood viscosity thicker, can lead to jams in the capillaries, which can be fatal in the brain and heart. |
| Dietary requirements for erythropoiesis | Iron, to form heme Vitamin B12 and folic acid for DNA replication. Pregnant women often need supplements for these. |
| How does the body get iron to make hemes? | Through diet, and through recycling old hemes for their iron. |
| What three places destroy old RBC's? | Liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
| How many days do rbc's circulate? What then phagotizes them? | 120 days. Macrophages phagocize them. |
| When the heme is broken down, where does the rest that isn't iron go? (the biliverdin) | The biliverdin is turned into bilirubin in the liver, this causes urine and feces to have their color. |
| Why is feces and urine their color? | Bilirubin from old hemes. |
| Is a buildup of biliverdin good? Why? | No, it's a neurotoxin. |
| What is jaundice? | When bilirubin isn't gotten rid of, (a problem with the liver) makes skin and sclera yellow. |
| What is an anemia? | Reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood. Can be caused by multiple things, not getting enough rbc's, or sickly rbc's. |
| What is polycythemia? | Higher than normal RBC numbers. Results in higher viscosity and blood pressure. |
| Thrombosis | A clot that's blocked a vein or artery. Leading to pain and swelling. |
| Leukocytes, describe them? | Nucleated with normal organelles. Immune function, phagocytosis. Not limited to blood. |
| positive chemotaxis | WBC's "following their nose" to released agents to get them to travel to cuts to clear pathogens |
| Most common granulocyte? | Neutrophils |
| How much of WBC population is neutrophils? | 40-70% |
| What do neutrophils do? | Release lysosomes. Active phagocytes. Neutralize bacteria. |
| Mnemonic to memorize most common to least common leukocytes | Never (Neutrophil) Let (Lymphocyte) Monkeys (Monocytes) Eat (Eosinophils) Bananas (Basophils) |
| Eosinophils, percentage of WBC's? | 1-3% |
| Characteristics of Eosinophils, what do they do? | Phagocytic, increase during parasitic infection and allergic reactions |
| Basophils, percentage of WBC's? | Less than 1% |
| What are basophils known as when outside the blood? | Mast cells |
| What do basophils do? | Respond to allergic reactions, bind with IGE to cause and release Heparin and Histamine. |
| How do allergic reactions work? | IGE, immunoglobulin E, on surface of mast cell. Foreign objects attach to IGE, which attracts basophils, who dock and dump heparin and histamine. |
| What is IGE? | Immunoglobulin E, docks on mast cell to find foreign objects |
| Basophils release heparin and histamine in allergic reactions. What do they do? | Histamine-a vasodilator Heparin-prevents blood clotting |
| Lymphocytes, what percentage of wbc's? | 20-45% |
| Are lymphocytes common in the blood? | No, they're mostly in lymphoid tissues |
| Where do T lymphocytes come from? What do they do? | Trained at the Thymus, act directly on infected cells, attack cells. |
| B Lymphocytes come from where? What do they do? | Bone marrow. Produce antibodies. |
| What percentage of WBC's are Monocytes? | 4-8% |
| What 3 other names are there for monocytes? Where are these three names found? | Macrophages-general tissues Dendritic cells-infections Microglial cells-in nervous system |
| What do monocytes do? | big eaters, phagocytosis |
| What controls leukopoiesis? | Colony stimulating factors, these go up with those with allergies. |
| What are colony stimulating factors? | hormones that make leukopoiesis form from hemopoietic stem cells (hemablasts) |
| What is Leukemia? | form of cancer in wbc's lineage. stem cell becomes myeloid or lymphoid, either of these two can become leukemia when formed wrong. |
| What are thrombocytes? | Anucleate fragments of megakaryocytes. |
| what do thrombocytes do? | form platelet plug and initiate clotting |
| what is the lifespan of thrombocytes? | 10 days |
| What controls the number of platelets? | Thrombopoietin |
| What cells make thrombocytes? | Megakaryocytes |
| How much of blood volume is plasma | 46-63% |
| How much of plasma is water? What does the water do? | 92% water. Fluid transport, universal solvent, heat transfer. |
| Proteins that are in the 7% of plasma? | Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen |
| Albumin, how much of the plasma's protein in percentages? | 54-60 percent. The most prevalent |
| What does albumin do? | Maintains osmotic concentration, transport lipid molecules. Comes from the liver. Biggest thing to know is controls water content of blood. |
| Difference between Low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins? (work with cholesterol) | LDL is considered bad cholesterol; HDL is considered good cholesterol. LDL carries cholesterol through the body, but when there's too much, plaque buildup occurs. HDL removes cholesterol from the body and takes it to the liver to be processed and removed |
| Globulins are what percentage of plasma proteins? | 35-38% |
| Alpha and Beta globulins do what? | transport, maintain osmotic concentration, come from liver. |
| Gamma globulins do what? What other names do they have? | Gamma globulins are known as antibodies and immunoglobulins, all three the same. Come from plasma cells and have immune responses. |
| Fibrinogen/clotting factors, what percentage of plasma proteins? | 4-7% |
| Where does fibrinogen come from? What does it do? | Comes from the liver, does nothing until told to. Then becomes fibrin for blood clotting. |
| What percentage of plasma proteins is regulatory proteins? What do they do? | 1%. Hormones and enzymes, they regulate various body functions |
| 1% of other solutes are in plasma. What are they? | nutrients, gases, wastes. |
| Hemostasis (clotting) | stoppage of blood flow to retain blood |
| Step one of hemostasis (clotting) | vascular spasm, smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction. Makes hole smaller. |
| Step two of hemostasis (clotting) | Platelet plug forms. injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers, platelets adhere. Remember inside of cell is negative, outside positive. Platelets are positive too. |
| The second part of step two of hemostasis (clotting) | platelets release chemicals (ADP and Serotonin) that make nearby platelets sticky, platelet plug forms. |
| Step three of hemostasis (clotting) | Coagulation, fibrin forms a mesh that traps rbc's and platelets, forming strength of the clot. |
| what kind of reaction is coagulation? | cascade reaction, like a row of dominoes knocking over |
| Coagulation has an intrinsic and extrinsic pathway, why? | insurance policy, make sure it's clotted. |
| Intrinsic pathway is found | in the blood vessels |
| extrinsic pathway is found | in the tissues |
| Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways meet | at prothrombin activator |
| What happens in intrinsic pathway up til prothrombin activator? | vessel endothelium ruptures, exposing underlying tissues. Platelets cling and their surfaces provide sites for mobilization of factors |
| What happens in extrinsic pathway up to prothrombin activator? | Release tissue factor (TF). tissue cell trauma releases this to blood to say "I've been abused" |
| Phase two clotting. Start at prothrombin. | Prothrombin meets prothrombin activator, becomes thrombin |
| what is tissue factor? | what tissues use to say "I've been abused" when a cut happens |
| Phase three clotting. You left off at thrombin. | Fibrinogen in the plasma, through thrombin, becomes fibrin, (insoluble polymer), and with calcium, cross-linked fibrin mesh happens. |
| what turns prothrombin into thrombin? What then turns fibrinogen into fibrin? | prothrombin activator turns prothrombin into thrombin, thrombin then turns fibrinogen into fibrin. |
| What is DIC, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation? | When the whole body coagulates. |
| How does the body prevent coagulation through blood vessel lining? | Blood vessel lining is smooth and negatively charged, keeping positive platelets away from lining. No opening to collagen until damaged or cut. |
| explain anticoagulant factors | anticoagulant factors are everywhere in the body as to keep the blood from going DIC. These are overrun at the site of the cut, but overrun clotting everywhere else in the body. |
| what three anticoagulants are there? | Prostacyclin, antithrombin, and heparin. |
| What does prostacyclin do? | inhibits platelet adherence. Keeps from sticking. |
| What does antithrombin do? | inhibits thrombin action. Keeps fibrinogen from becoming fibrin. |
| What does heparin do? | inhibits prothrombin activator. Keeps prothrombin from becoming thrombin. |
| What is fibrinolysis? | dissolution of a clot |
| Plasminogen | inactive plasma enzyme |
| ogen means | does nothing til told to. |
| What activates plasminogen to plasmin? | TPA, Tissue plasminogen activator, from healed tissue or given medically to release a clot. |
| Thrombus | abnormally forming clot |
| embolus | dislodged or fragment of clot in bloodstream |
| hemophilia | hereditary deficiencies of clotting. not able to make necessary proteins, missing a domino in the line to get to the end. |
| Vitamin K deficiency | can't make proteins for clotting without this. |
| where do we get vitamin K | Fleura in colon, and dietarily |
| What do coumadin/warfarin do? | Create a Vitamin K deficiency so as to keep from clotting, blood thinners. |
Created by:
JoshuaB5