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Topic 9
BIOL - Topic 9
| Question | |
|---|---|
| ecosystems | community of living organisms interacting with each other and with their physical environment |
| term for community of living organisms interacting with each other and with their physical environment | ecosystem |
| abiotic components | elements, climate, sunlight, air |
| biotic components | microbes, plants, animals |
| elements, climate, sunlight and are are all ____ | abiotic |
| microbes plants and animals are all ____ | biotic |
| how can ecosystems be studied | by following the movement of energy from one level to another |
| law of conservation of energy | energy can be transformed to diff forms but cannot be created or destroyed |
| law stating that energy can be transformed to diff forms but cannot be created or destroyed | law of conservation of energy |
| law of entropy | energy will always, spread |
| what does entropy measure | how much energy has moved from being localized to becoming more widely dispersed |
| ecosystems depend on a constant input of ___ | energy |
| energy transfer through trophic levels is inefficient, limiting | the structure and productivity of food webs |
| law of conservation of matter | matter can not be created or destroyed, only transformed from 1 form to another |
| matter can not be created or destroyed, only transformed from 1 form to another is the | conservation of matter |
| what is cycled through ecosystems | nutrients, C, N, P , P |
| matter cycles through | organisms and the environment |
| matter is ___ and _____ unlike energy | conserved and reused |
| on earth the total amount of matter is | constant over time |
| nutrients circulate between abiotic environ and living organisms in | biogeochemical cycles |
| biogeochemicals | where nutrients circulate between abiotic environ and living organisms |
| what is the source of almost all energy on earth | radiant energy |
| about ___% of energy received from the sun is | 33%, reflected back into space |
| only ___% of solar energy is captured by | <1%, photo synthesizers, form the basis for ecological systems |
| what type of radiation passes through | short wave |
| what type of radiation is absorbed by ghg and returned to the lower atmosphere | long wave |
| autotrophs | synthesize their own organic compounds |
| who synthesizes their own organic compounds | autotrophs |
| photoautotrophs | use light energy to drive the conversion of co2 into organic compounds |
| what type of autotroph is most prevalent | photoautotrophs bc sunlight is abundant, widespread and high energy |
| chemoautotrophs | use chemical compounds as their source of energy |
| what type of autotroph is less prevalent | chemoautotrophs bc chemical energy sources are more limited and localized |
| what does GPP stand for | gross primary productivity |
| the rate at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy | GPP |
| NPP | the remaining chemical energy after deducting energy used for maintenance functions of producers |
| what does NPP stand for | net primary production |
| GPP | the rate at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy |
| most productive areas in marine environments | coast, zones of upwelling |
| why are coastal areas high productivity zones | nutrient runoff, sunlight throughout shallower waters |
| upwelling | where deep nutrient rich waters return to the surface layers where photosynthetic activity occurs |
| factors that can limit primary productivity | sunlight, climate - annual temp and precipitation, nutrient availability, amount of photosynthetic material |
| primary productivity changes ____ | seasonally |
| sunlight limits primary productive bc | the potential rate of photosynthesis in any ecosystems is proportional to the intensity and duration of sunlight, which varies geographically and seasonally |
| sunlight is most intense and day length is least variable near | the equator |
| sunlight is less intense and day length is most variable | near the poles |
| climate limits primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems bc | mean annual NPP increases with both, mean annual temp and precipitation |
| the mean annual temp and precipitation in various climate limit | the mean annual NPP |
| nutrients limits primary productivity bc | organisms need sources of C, N, P, O, H to make biomolecules |
| consumers get energy from | consuming producers |
| producers get energy from | making their own |
| if conc of any nutrient in plants drops too low | photosynthesis may top |
| what is a limiting nutrient | one that has the greatest effect on capping producivity |
| how is a limiting nutrient determined | by adding nutrient and measuring increase in NPP |
| the limiting nutrient ____ amoung ecosystems | varies |
| why do living things need P | ATP, DNA, phospholipids |
| where is P a limiting nutrient | freshwater ecosystems |
| freshwater ecosystems are limiting by | P |
| why is P a limiting nutrient in freashwater ecosystems | P binds strongly to soil, limiting runoff. small increases cause large algal bloom |
| phytoplankton biomass increases when | P is available |
| chlorophyll conc increases when | P is available |
| why do organisms need N | to build proteins |
| where is N a limiting nutrient | terrestrial ecosystems |
| terrestrial ecosystems are limited by | N |
| why is N a limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems | requires fixation, easily lost from soil through leeching |
| when N is added to terrestrial ecosystems what increases | GPP, primary productivity |
| heterotrophs | organisms that cannot make their own food |
| term for organisms that cannot make their own food | heterotrophs |
| heterotrophs obtain their energy by | eating other organisms |
| heterotrophs depend on autotrophs either ______ or _____ | directly or indirectly |
| _____ energy transfer from 1 trophic level to the next has profound effects on ______ ______ | inefficiency, ecosystem structure |
| each trophic level contains about how much as much energy as the trophic level below it | 10% |
| assimilation = | energy org keeps |
| energy org keeps = | assimilation |
| ingestion = | energy org consume |
| energy org consume = | ingestion |
| egestion = | energy org excretes |
| energy org excretes = | egestion |
| SP stands for | secondary productivity |
| SP is | how much energy is stored |
| SP = | assimilation - repriration |
| assimilation - respiration = | SP |
| NPE stands for | net production efficiency |
| NPE is | how much energy is stored relative to energy assimilation from food |
| how much energy is stored relative to energy assimilation from food is | NPE |
| NPE = | (SP / assimilation ) x 100% |
| ( SP / assimilation ) x 100% = | NPE |
| EE stands for | ecological efficiency |
| EE is | how much energy is in consumer biomass relative to NPP |
| how much energy is in consumer biomass relative to NPP is | EE |
| EE = | ( SP / NPP ) x 100% |
| ( SP / NPP ) x 100% = | EE |
| why is the terrestrial energy/biomass a pyramid | there is slow turnover -> relatively high standing biomass |
| why is the ocean biomass/energy pyramid inverted | bc phytoplankton divide in hours -> relatively low standing biomass |
| bioaccumulation | increase in conc over the lifetime of an organisms |
| biomagnification | increase in conc with increasing trophic level |
| term for increase in conc over the lifetime of an organisms | bioaccumulation |
| term for increase in conc with increasing trophic level | biomagnification |
| bottom up control | when the abundance of organisms at lower levels determines the abundance of organisms at higher trophic levels |
| term for when the abundance of organisms at lower levels determines the abundance of organisms at higher trophic levels | bottom up control |
| where does bottom up control occur | upwelling zones |
| why does bottom up control occur in upwelling zones | nutrients fuels phytoplankton blooms, while in return supports higher abundance of plankton, fish, seabirds, and marine mammels |
| top down control | when predators at the top of the food web influence both the herbivores they eat and the plants that herbivores eat |
| term for when predators at the top of the food web influence both the herbivores they eat and the plants that herbivores eat | top down control |
| ex of top down control | sea otters consuming urchins to stabilize kelp density |
| why is N2 not usable for plants | bc of its stable triple bond |
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