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Biology 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three parts of the central dogma of molecular biology | replication, translation, and transcription |
| replication | copy DNA before cell division, DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase, primase, polymer: DNA monomer: nucleotides |
| transcription | convert a gene's DNA sequence into RNA, RNA polymerase, polymer: RNA, monomer: ribonucleotides |
| translation | build the protein based on mRNA sequence, ribosome and tRNA, polymer: protein, monomer: amino acids |
| deletion | removes a chromosomal frgament |
| duplication | repeats segment |
| inversion | reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome |
| translocation | A segment of DNA moves to a different chromosome |
| leading strand synthesis | continuous and results in longer strands |
| lagging strand synthesis | discontinuous and results in shorter strands |
| epistasis | when one genotype is expressed over another |
| How does epistasis affect phenotypic expression example: | phenotype of a syamese cat and their fur is mostly white until you get to the limbs, where its dark |
| Three types of DNA repair | mismatch repair, base excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair |
| mismatch repair | Fixes replication mistakes after DNA copying |
| base excision repair | Fixes individual damaged bases |
| nucleotide excision repair | Fixes larger sections of damaged DNA |
| process by which DNA directs protein synthesis is? | gene expression |
| two stages of gene expression | transcription and translation |
| bacterial chromosomes | round and have little protein |
| eukaryotic chromosomes | not round and have a ton of protein to be able to do all of the things they have to do |
| how does an abnormal chromosome number occur? | happens through disjunction and when the chromosomes get translated wrong or duplicated wrong |
| the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis is... | gene expression |
| 2 stages of gene expression | transcription and translation |
| klinefelter syndrome | when a male gets an extra chromosome resulting in XXY |
| what are chargaff's rules in DNA composition | Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C) |
| four bases in DNA | adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
| complete dominance | one trait hides the other |
| incomplete dominance | traits blend |
| codominance | both traits show fully |
| heterozygous | two different traits like Bb |
| homoygous | when traits are the same, BB or bb |
| phenotype | physical traits/appearance |
| genotype | genes that make up phenotype, genetic makeup |
| Which enzyme is responsible for relieving the tension caused by unwinding DNA at the replication fork? | topoisomerase |
| which structure holds sister chromatids together? | centromere |
| telomere | specialized nucleotide sequences at the end of DNA molecules |
| linked genes | tend to inherited together because they are located close to each other on the same chromosome |
| genetic code | universal, can go from one species to another |
| polygenic inheritance | multiple genes for a trait |
| human example of polygenic inheritance | eye color, hair color, skin color |
| stop codon | sequences in mRNA that signal the end of protein synthesis during translation. |
| promoter | DNA sequences that act as starting points for transcription |
| law of segregation | 2 copies seperate during meiosis, 2 alleles |
| law of independent assortment | every chromosome is its own |
| polyploidy | many copies of a chromosome |
| where are polyploidy more commonly seen? | plants (tetraploid) |
| why are recessive and phenotypes seen more often in males? | they are hemizygous, only have one copy |
| helicase | breaks up helix |
| DNA polymerase | makes DNA copy |
| Topiosomerase | release strain on DNA molecule |
| DNA ligase | puts things together on ligand strand |
| codon | set of three nucleotides to one amino acid |
| what is the central dogma of molecular biology | DNA- mRNA- amino acid sequence |
| three stages of transcription | initation, elongation, and termination |
| heritable factor | passed from parents to offspring and influences traits. |
| what is a true breeding plant? | self-pollinates, always produces offspring with the same trait as the parent. |
| what is a linked gene? | on the same chromosome, closer they are, the more likely they stay together |
| what is aneuploidy? | an abnormal number of chromosomes |
| what are the two types of aneuploidy? | monosomy and trisomy |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | Carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome |
| tRNA (transfer RNA) | Brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome |
| Ribosome | Site of protein synthesis |
| what happens in nondisjunction? | a diplod gets seperated during meiosis and splits into a trisomy and monosomy |
| types of mutations | silent, missense, nonsense |
| silent mutation | switch codon- same amino acid |
| missense mutation | actual different amino acid |
| nonsense mutation | creates a stop codon |
| Barr Body | area on a cell where an inactive X chromosome lies |
| nature | the biological characteristics and genetic predispositions we are born with, including traits inherited from our parents |
| nuture | the external influences that shape us, such as culture, relationships, upbringing, and life experiences. |
| Concept 1 of the Mendel Model | Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters |
| Concept 2 of the Mendel Model | For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent (TRUE FOR DIPLOIDS ONLY) |
| Concept 3 of Mendel Model | If two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele, determines the organism's appearance |
| Concept 4 of Mendel Model | The law of segregation, the two alleles for a heritable character separate or segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
| What does the SRY gene on the Y chromosome do? | It triggers the development of testes in an embryo |
| What does it mean when people say that DNA is antiparallel? | Genetic information that flows from MRNA to proteins through the process of translation. While translation is the RNA directed synthesis of a polypeptide. |
| What is the difference between the P generation and F1 generation? | The P generation is the true-breeding parents and the F1 generation is the hybrid offspring of them. |
| When two heterozygous pea plants (Tt × Tt) are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of tall to short offspring? | 1:3 |
| how are Extranuclear Genes inherited? | They follow matrilinear descent, as the egg provides the cytoplasm for a zygote |
| What is the role of the Histone? | Histones wind DNA into chromosomes |
| What does it mean that DNA replication is semiconservative? | Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand |
| What happens at the origin of replication? | Two DNA strands are replicated through the separation of them that create the bubble opening. |
| What are the four types of small scale mutations? | Nucelotide pair substitution, silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations. |
| what term describes the segments of the lagging strand in DNA replication? | Okazaki Fragments |
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