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Higher Brain Fun.
Chapter 14 - A & P Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Higher brain functions are the .... | most advanced capabilities of the nervous system. |
| Examples: | Language Thought Memory Emotion Consciousness |
| Language is typically __________ to the ____ hemisphere. | lateralized; left |
| Wernicke Area (sensory speech) | Function: Understand language Interpret meaning Formulate ideas |
| Broca Area (motor speech) | Function: Produce speech Control muscles for speaking |
| Arcuate Fasciculus | fibers connecting Wernicke → Broca |
| How Speech Actually Happens (reading allowed) | Visual cortex → sees word Visual association area → recognizes it Wernicke area → understands it Broca area → plans speech Primary motor cortex → produces sound |
| How Speech Actually Happens (repeating words) | Auditory cortex → hears word Wernicke area → understands Broca area → formulates response Motor cortex → speaks |
| Right hemisphere → | left side of body |
| Left hemisphere → | right side of body |
| Both hemispheres communicate through the _____ ______ | corpus callosum |
| Left Hemisphere Function | Language Mathematics Logic |
| Right Hemisphere Function | Spatial awareness Facial recognition Music |
| EEG (Electroencephalogram) | Measures electrical activity of the brain |
| Brain wave types: | Alpha waves, Beta waves, Theta waves, Delta waves |
| Alpha waves | Relaxed, awake state Also seen in REM sleep |
| Beta waves | Active thinking Focused mental activity |
| Theta waves | Children Adults under stress or disorder |
| Delta waves | Deep sleep Infancy Severe brain conditions |
| Sleep Cycle Two main phases: | NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) REM (Rapid Eye Movement) |
| Memory exists in three levels: | Working Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory |
| Working Memory | Very short-term Used for immediate tasks Example: remembering a phone number briefly |
| Short-Term Memory | Lasts minutes to days Based on long-term potentiation (LTP) |
| Long-Term Memory | Stored for years or life Requires structural brain changes |
| Types of Long-Term Memory: | Declarative (Explicit) & Procedural (Implicit) |
| Declarative | Facts and knowledge Involves: hippocampus amygdala |
| Procedural | Skills and habits Involves: cerebellum premotor cortex |
| How Long-Term Memory Forms | Consolidation |
| Consolidation | Process of converting short-term → long-term memory Mechanism: New protein synthesis Strengthening synapses Formation of new dendritic connections End result: Permanent structural changes in neurons |
| Memory Engram (Memory Trace) | Network of neurons encoding a memory |
| Memory Storage & Retrieval principles: | Repetition strengthens memory Association improves retention Retrieval requires reconstructing pieces from different brain areas |
| The limbic system links .... | emotion, behavior, and survival |
| limbic system functions: | Emotion Motivation Pain and pleasure Survival instincts |
| Limbic System Key components: | Olfactory cortex , Cingulate gyrus, Hippocampus |
| Olfactory cortex → | smell (strong emotional link) |
| Cingulate gyrus → | satisfaction/pleasure |
| Hippocampus → | memory + survival |
| Pheromones | Chemical signals affecting others |
| Stroke | Brain tissue death due to disrupted blood supply |
| Stroke Types: | Ischemic stroke & Hemorrhagic stroke |
| Ischemic stroke | Blocked artery |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | Bleeding vessel |
| Stroke after effects: | Effects depend on location Can impair: speech movement cognition |
| As the brain ages: | Fewer neurons and receptors Slower reflexes Reduced coordination Smaller brain size |
| Memory effects through Aging: | Short-term memory ↓ Long-term memory often preserved or improved |
| Sleep Changes through Aging: | Less REM sleep |
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