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SOC 350 Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| aggression | any behavior meant to hurt someone-physically or emotionally |
| social aggression | hurting someone's relationships or status |
| physical aggression | hurting someone's body or possessions |
| verbal aggression | verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
| frustration-aggression theory | the idea that frustration (being blocked from a goal) can lead to aggression |
| displacement | taking your anger out on something or someone who didn't cause it |
| social learning theory | the idea that we can learn behaviors by watching and imitating others |
| what are the influences on aggression? | aversive instances, arousal, media, group contexts |
| what factors predict increased aggression? | offensive odors, heat, pain, sleep-deprivation, alcohol use, presence of weapons |
| cyberbullying | aggression online |
| catharsis | the (often false) idea that expressing anger will make you feel better |
| proximity | being physically or emotionally close to someone increases liking |
| mere exposure | repeated exposure to something or someone makes you like it more |
| individualistic culture | more likely to value feelings than commitment, love is a feeling and asks "what does my heart say" |
| matching phenomenon | people tend to pair with others who are similar in attractiveness and social standing |
| physical-attractiveness stereotype | the belief that physically attractive people also have other good traits, like kindness or intelligence |
| components of love | companionate love, passionate love, fatuous love, consummate love, romantic love |
| companionate love | deep, steady affection built on trust, friendship, and commitment |
| passionate love | intense, emotional love filled with excitement and physical attraction |
| fatuous love | passion plus commitment |
| consummate love | intimacy plus passion plus commitment |
| romantic love | intimacy plus passion |
| what does personality have to do with love? | |
| attachment styles | insecure-anxious and avoidant; secure |
| insecure attachment styles | anxious and avoidant attachment styles |
| secure attachment styles | feeling comfortable with closeness and trusting relationships |
| avoidant attachment styles | feeling uncomfortable with closeness or depending on others |
| anxious attachment styles | worrying about being abandoned or not being loved enough |
| ostracism | acts of excluding or bullying |
| complementarity | the idea that opposites attract, when differences fit well together |
| in the context of marital dissolution and detachment, which characteristics are true of people who usually stay married? | more often agree, approve, assent, and laugh; enduring love and high satisfaction |
| what are the differences in how men and women fall in love and stay in love? | men fall in love more readily and fall out of love more slowly, once in love both are typically as emotionally involved as eachother |
| reward theory | we like people who make us feel good or who are associated with positive experiences |
| people usually stay married if they...? | married after age 25, both grew up in stable/two-parent homes, dated for a long while before marriage, well/similarly educated, stable income from good job, small town/farm, have support, religiously committed, similar age/faith/education |
| altruism | helping others with no expectation of getting anything in return |
| moral concern | focus on other's welfare, fairness and rights |
| group selection | groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of nonaltruists |
| kin selection | the tendency to help relatives because it helps pass on shared genes |
| reciprocity | people who help those who help them are more likely to survive |
| what characteristics are associated with helpfulness? | agreeableness, willingness |
| bystander effect | when more people are around, individuals are less likely to help because everyone assumes someone else will |
| which bystanders are more likely to offer aid to a sick person? | make them more aware, those who understand situation as an emergency, who feel personally responsible |
| reciprocity norm | the expectation that we should help those who have helped us |
| social-responsibility norm | the belief that we should help those who need help, even if they can't repay us |
| religiosity and helping | religiously committed people are more likely to report higher rates of volunteering and giving |
| think of examples of situations that may make you feel motivated by external rewards | plasma donations, donuts for yardwork |
| examples of situations that may make you feel motivated by internal rewards | feeling happy when giving clothes to cousins |
| modeling altruism | modeling prosocial behavior increases prosocial behavior and long-term empathy |
| feel-good, do good principle | giving helps boost the mood of the giver, and people are also more likely to give when they are in a good mood |
| how do men and women differ in offering help | men-more likely to offer help in potentially dangerous situations, women-more likely to describe themselves as helpful; gender difference depends on more generous |
| democratic versus autocratic leadership | democratic-involves a group and share ideas, autocratic-one person rule, little to no input |
| tragedy of the commons | when shared resources are overused because each person acts selfishly |
| prisoner's dilemma | both cooperating gets benefits while only one cooperating gets benefits for that person and disadvantage for the other, neither cooperating gets no disadvantage for either one |
| mirror-image perceptions | when opposing sides see each other in the same negative way |
| arbitration | when a neutral third party makes a binding decision to resolve a conflict |
| super-ordinate goals | a shared goal that can only be achieved through cooperation between goal |
| social trap | a situation where individuals act in their own self-interest, but it ends up hurting everyone |
| simplicity thinking | analyzing complex situations simply, can lead to quick but incomplete conclusions |
| benefits of marriage | typically live healthier and longer, overall happier, less likely to suffer from loneliness |
| depression | tend to think in negative terms, have low self-esteem and see world in negative light |
| depressive realism | the idea that mildly depressed people sometimes see things more accurately than overly optimistic people |
| differences by culture | non-western: focus on close-knit relationships and depression less tied to guilt and less common; western-less close relationships |
| in the context of clinical practice, what is an important effect of hindsight? | we can have a should've known it all along feeling with diagnosis, self-confirming diagnoses |
| how reliable is eyewitness testimony? | not very, it is incredibly powerful at convincing jurors, can be inaccurate, and is subject to misinformation effect |
| does it matter if the jury is mixed-race? | it reduces bias, encourages deeper deliberation, improves decision making |
Created by:
pworthen0723