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AP Lang Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Rhetoric | use of language to persuade others; art of effective communication |
| exigency | real-life situation that caused a writer to write something |
| active voice | subject of the sentence performs the action; direct |
| passive voice | action is done to the subject of the sentence; often overused and is to be avoided |
| parallelism | using the same pattern of words and syntax to begin consecutive phrases; conveys that ideas are equally important |
| anaphora | repetition of a word at the beginning of several consecutive clauses; type of parallelism |
| aphorism | short saying revealing universal truth; proverb |
| extended metaphor | metaphor that extends for multiple sentences or for a whole essay, and is developed throughout |
| enargeia | vivid imagery and mental picture; helps the audience to become immersed in the story |
| polemic | strong attack on a person or idea; can almost be funny sometimes |
| juxtaposition | placing 2 contrasting ideas side by side; reveals a hidden truth about both |
| anecdote | a short and sometimes amusing story used to reveal information that otherwise wouldn't be clear |
| deductive reasoning | making a specific inference based on a more broad premise |
| inductive reasoing | making a broad conclusion based on specific facts or data |
| epistrophe | repetition of a word at the end of several consecutive clauses; type of parallelism |
| analogy | comparison of two objects or ideas; usually more concrete then a metaphor or simile |
| hypophora | asking a rhetorical question and then answering it |
| jargon | diction used by a group of people for a specific purpose |
| vernacular | dialect of a particular country or region; everyday speech of the common person; not the same as slang |
| colloquialism | a specific figure of speech commonly understood by a specific culture; an expression; should be avoided in academic writing |
| ellipsis | omitting a specific word from a sentence in order to remove excessive repetition |
| rebuttal | an argument that challenges or refutes a claim |
| nuance | a subtle difference in meaning or distinction in an argument |
| aristotelian argument | structured argument with 5 parts: introduce issue, present case, address opposition, provide proof, conclude |
| invective | speech or writing that attacks a person or subject; contributes to a polemic tone; noun |
| claim of fact | assertion about the validity of something |
| claim of policy | assertion that proposes a change in policy or law |
| claim of value | assertion that something is morally right or wrong |
| Rogerian argument | a style of argument in which you focus on finding common ground with the opposition |
| apostrophe | a figure of speech that addresses an absent or imaginary person; heightens the emotional impact of a text |
| homily | a sermon or serious talk about morality/spirituality |
| periodic sentence | a sentence that begins with several dependent clauses then ends with an independent clause building up to the most important part |
| loose sentence/cumulative sentence | a sentence starting with an independent clause followed by several dependent clauses; feels more informal/conversational |
| litote | making an affirmative point by denying the opposite |
| metonymy | referring to something/someone by a substituted title rather than the actual name |
| synecdoche | a type of metonymy referring to something by a part of the whole |
| paradox | a seemingly contradictory statement that is actually true |
| asyndeton | omitting conjunctions between clauses; creates a feeling of a never ending list |
| polysyndeton | using a conjunction between every word or clause in a list; slows down the pace of a sentence and builds climactic meaning |
| chiasmus | a type of parallelism where 2 elements in a sentence are repeated in the next sentence but in reverse order |
| anadiplosis | repeating the last word of a phrase or clause at the beginning of the next one |
| text | any object that can be read for meaning; includes images, books, and speeches |
| synthesis | combining two or more texts to create a new text; dialectical reasoning |
| understatement | representing something as less important, less valuable, or smaller than it actually is |
| parody | an exaggerated imitation of a serious text for comedic purposes |
| satire | a text that is critical toward some aspect of society, targeting human folly, outmoded social institutions, or harmful societal conventions, for the purpose of changing these things |
| aporia | a figure of speech where the speaker expresses real or artificial doubt in order to lead the audience down a line of reasoning; similar to rhetorical questions but not phrased as a question. |
| antonomasia | using an epithet in place of someone's real name |
| alter-ego | a character used by the author to describe their own thoughts; self-insert; often associated with fictional texts |
| antithesis | a type of parallelism with opposite or contrasting words or ideas |
| zeugma/syllepsis | when a single word modifies two or more other words and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it modifies |
| synesthesia | when one sense is described in terms of a different sense |
| syllogism | a type of logic where a conclusion is made based on one general premise and one more specific premise |
| periphrasis | intentionally replacing one simple word with multiple; often used with euphemism to talk around a topic |
| prolepsis | anticipating and addressing possible objections and counter arguments in a speech before the opponent has a chance to raise them; opposite of concession |
| assonance | repetition of vowel sounds |
| consonance | repetition of consonant sounds |
| antanagoge | reframing a negative statement by pairing it with a positive one; used to lessen the impact of a criticism or problem |
| epizeuxis | the immediate repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis; creates a sense of urgency or strong emotion |
| 8 methods of development | narrative, description, process analysis, illustration/exemplification, cause and effect, compare and contrast, definition, classification |
| Ad hominem | attacking the person making the argument instead of their argument (logical fallacy) |
| appeal to authority | logical fallacy assuming that an argument is valid because it is supported by an authority figure or celebrity |
| anthropomorphism | giving human like traits, characteristics, or bodies to animals or inanimate objects. Usually more literal than personification |
| Non sequitir | a statement or conclusion that is unrelated and disconnected to the previous line of reasoning |
Created by:
SealStack