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Anatomy and Phisolog
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | science or study of structure and the relationship among the structures. ( where and what is the structure) |
| physiology | scien of body function (how the body works) |
| What are the 6 levels of Organization | Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal |
| Chemical Level | atoms combine to make a molecules such as DNA, glucose, hemoglobin |
| atom | smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions (carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca) |
| molecule | two or more atoms joined together (DNA, glucose, hemoglobin |
| Cellular Level | molecules combine to form cells |
| cells | basic stuctural and functional units of an organism |
| Tissue Level | groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function |
| 4 basic types of tissue | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nevous tissue |
| Organ Level | two or more tissue combine to form body stuctures |
| organ | usually has a distinctive appearance, made of two or more tissues and has a specific function |
| System Level | related organs that have a common function |
| Organismal Level | All the systems of the body combined to make up an organsim |
| 11 systems of the body | Integumentary, Nervous, Skeletal, Endocrine, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic/immunity, Digestive, Respitory, Urinary, Reproductive |
| what is the life process | organisms have certain characteristics that set them apart from nonliving things |
| 6 life processes | Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction |
| Homestasis | Balance of bodys internal enviroment |
| interstitial fluid | fluid surrounding body cells keeps homeostatis body temp at 98.6 |
| anabolism | small to large |
| catabolism | large to small |
| atrophy | w/o size |
| hypertrophy | increase in size |
| epi- | on top |
| hypo- | below |
| hemo- | blood |
| soma- | body |
| Homeostatic mechanisms of the body are controlled by these two systems | Endocrine System and Nervous System |
| how does nervous system control homeostasis | nervous system detects changes in balance and sends message to organs that can counteract the change by nerve impulses |
| nerve impulses | messages sent through nervous system |
| how does endocrine system control homeostasis | endocrine systems corrects change by secreting hormones into blood systems |
| Feedback system | events in body continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored and reevaluated and so on |
| examples of a controlled condition | body temp, blood pressure, blood glucose level |
| stimulus | any disruption that causes a change in a controlled system |
| 3 basic components of a feedback system | Receptor, Control Center, Effector |
| Receptor | body structure monitors changes in a controlled system and sends information called input to control center |
| Control Center | brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, processes input and generates output commands |
| Effectors | body structure that receives output from control center and produces a responce that changes the controlled condition |
| 2 types of Feedback Systems | Negative and Positive Feedback |
| Negative Feedback | Reverses a change in the controlled system |
| Types of Negative Feedback Systems | blood pressure, blood glucose, body temp |
| Positive Feedback | Reinforces a change in the controlled system |
| Types of positive feedback | blood clotting, ovulation, child birth |
| disorder | abnormality of structure or function |
| disease | specific term for an illness characterized by reconziable set of symptoms and signs |
| symptom | subjective, something not apparent to observer (headache, nasuea) |
| sign | objective, something that can be measured and observed by clician (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, paralysis) |
| aging | normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the bodys ability to restore homeostasis |
| body regions | head(skull/face),neck(supports head/attaches head to trunk), trunk(chest, abdomen, pelvis),upper limb(attached to trunk/from shoulder to fingers), lower limb(attached to trunk, from buttock to toes) |
| directional terms | words that describe the position of one body part relative to another |
| Superior (cranial, cephalic) | towards the head |
| Inferior (caudal) | away from the head |
| anterior (ventral) | front of the body |
| posterior (dorsal) | back of the body |
| Proximal | near to where appendage attaches to trunk |
| Distal | farther from where appendage attaches to trunk |
| Superficial | towards surface of body |
| Deep | away from surface of body |
| Intermediate | between |
| Ipsilateral | same side of body |
| Contralateral | opposite side of the body |
| Frontal Plane (coronal plane) | serperates anterior and posterior |
| Saggital Plane | vertical plane divides left and right |
| Midsaggital plane | vertical plane divides body equally in half right and left |
| Parasaggital plane | vertical plane divides body into unequal sizes |
| Transverse/horizontal plane | horizontal plane dividing superior and inferior |
| Oblique plane | plane at an angle |
| Body cavities | spaces that contane, protect and serperate organs |
| Cranial Cavity | part of dorsal cavity, contains cranial bones and brain |
| Vertebral Cavity | part of dorsal cavity, vertebral column, spinal cord and nerves |
| Thoracic Cavity | Ventral cavity, chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum |
| pleural cavity | surrounds a lung. the serous membrane of the pleural cavities is the pluera |
| pericardial cavity | surounds the heart, the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium |
| mediastinum cavity | central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs contains heart, thymus, espophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| abdominal cavity | contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine; serious membrane is peritoneum |
| pelvic cavity | contains urinary bladder, portions of intestine and internal organs of reproduction |
| viscera | organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Abdominopelvic Regions | R Hypochondriac, Epigastric, L Hypochondriac R Lumbar Umbilical L Lumbar R Inguinal Hypogastric L Inguinal |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | Right Upper Left Upper Right Lower Left Lower |
Created by:
chadvosahlo