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A&P Lecture 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Analogous structures do what | perform similar functions but evolve independently, not from a recent common ancestor |
| The vas deferens are ______ to the fallopian tubes | analogous |
| Functions of the female RS (5) | 1. Produce androgens, sex hormones, such as estrogens and progesterone 2. Reproduction through the formation of an ovum 3. Sexual activity 4. Support the growth and surreal of an embryo from conception to birth 5. Nursing newborn into infancy |
| Internal female genitalia | the major organs of the female RS are located inside the pelvic cavity |
| Ovaries | produce oocytes and sex hormones |
| Fallopian tubes | transport secondary oocytes in the direction of the uterus, fertilization occurs here |
| Uterus | muscular organ and site of implantation, placenta formation, and fetal development |
| Cervix | acts as a barrier to protect the uterus, allows passage of menstrual fluids to exit the body, produces cervical mucus that nourishes sperm and promotes fertility. During childbirth the cervix must dilate to pass the baby from uterus into vagina |
| C-section | the surgical delivery of a baby through a cut (incision) made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus |
| C sections are often performed because | vaginal delivery would put the mother or child at risk |
| Common reasons for C sections include: | - Obstructed labor - Breech birth - Twins - Advanced maternal age (35) - Maternal health issues such as Obesity High blood pressure Large uterine fibroids |
| The ovarian cycle takes place in the | ovary whereas the menstrual (uterine) cycle occurs in the uterus |
| The ovarian cycle prepares the egg for | fertilization and reproduction |
| the menstrual cycles prepares the uterine wall to | receive a fertilized egg |
| Ovulation is | a phase of the female menstrual cycle that involves the release of an egg (ovum) from one of the ovaries. It generally occurs about two weeks before the start of the menstrual period |
| Fertilization is | the fusion of the male and female gamete. |
| Fertilization causes changes to | membrane of the now fertilized egg, such as blocking further fertilization by sperm (polysperm) |
| Cervical cancer and HPV | Research over many years has confirmed that cervical cancer is most often caused by a sexually transmitted infection with HPV. there are over 100 related viruses in the HPV family. Strain determines outcome of infection |
| HPV is common across | all demographics, with the highest prevalence of HPV infections being females aged 18-24 |
| High risk variants of HPV block host cell’s ability to | prevent mutated cells from dividing |
| The protein p53 plays a vital role in | detecting mutations and preventing mutant cells from growing |
| High risk variants of HPV inhibit p53 | this permits the growth mutant and potentially cancerous cells |
| What all play significant roles in reducing the development of cervical cancer | Vaccines, protection, and screenings via a pap smear |
| Pap smears sample cells of the cervix | allowing the detection of abnormal cells |
| Lactation feedback loop Stimulus | baby suckles on breast |
| Lactation feedback loop Receptor | sensory receptors in the skin of the breast detect the suckling, send impulses to hypothalamus |
| Lactation feedback loop Control Center | hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin |
| Lactation feedback loop Effector | breast is stimulated to eject breast milk |
| Most efficient BC methods | implant, iud, sterilization |
| Okay efficient BC methods | The pill, the patch, the ring, the shot All are hormonal methods (contain progestin +- estrogen) that prevent ovulation |
| Not so well BC methods | withdrawal, diaphragm, fertility awareness, condoms |
| Tubal ligation and vasectomy | very effective but considered permanent!! |
| Hormonal implants and IUD | what they have in common Release a progestin hormone (synthetic progesterone) Suppressing ovulation Reversible |
| Nexplanon | Implant Location: arm (subdermal implant) Most common side effect: irregular bleeding |
| Paragard (Copper IUD) | - Very long lasting (10+ years) - No hormonal side effects - Reversible - May increase bleeding and cramping Copper creates a toxin and inflammatory environment that kills sperm Works immediately after insertion |
| The pill | Taken daily Most user-dependent-> easiest to miss doses |
| The patch | Replaced weekly Less frequent dosing-> slightly more consistent |
| The ring | Inserted monthly |
| The shot | Given every 3 months No daily/weekly action-> most consistent in this group Progestin only Many will develop amenorrhea |
| Diaphragm (barrier method) | Placed over the cervix before intercourse Used with spermicide Prevents sperm from entering uterus Must remain in place for at least 6 hours after intercourse |
| Fertility awareness (timing method) | Avoids intercourse during the fertile window Based on predicting when ovulation occurs by tracking: Menstrual cycle Basal body temperature |
| Condoms- Strong STI protection | 80-90% reduction in transmitting HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and hepatitis B |
| Condoms do not provide protection against | STIs that cause genital ulcers or lesions such as HPV (genitlal warts) HSV (genital herpes) and syphilis |
Created by:
liladdoyle