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Review Quiz 5.1
Topics 1-2 DNA Structure/Replication and Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleotides (Monomers) | The building blocks of DNA, each consisting of three part |
| Phosphate Group | Located at the 5' end |
| Deoxyribose Sugar | A 5-carbon sugar |
| Nitrogenous Base | The actual "code" (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine) |
| Chargaff’s Rules (Base Pairing) | Nitrogenous bases pair specifically via weak hydrogen bonds A-T, C-G |
| Antiparallel Orientation | The two strands run in opposite directions |
| 5’ End | Terminates with a phosphate group |
| 3’ End | Terminates with a hydroxyl (-OH) group; this is the only site where enzymes can add new nucleotides |
| Chromatin | Relaxed, loosely coiled DNA accessible for protein synthesis |
| Chromosomes | Tightly packed, X-shaped structures formed during cell division to prevent tangling |
| Sister Chromatids | Two identical halves of a replicated chromosome joined at a centromere |
| Semi-Conservative Model | Each new DNA molecule contains one original (template) strand and one newly synthesized strand |
| Helicase | Unwinds the double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds to create a "replication fork" |
| DNA Polymerase | Matches free-floating nucleotides to template strands using base pairing |
| Directionality Rule | DNA Polymerase can only build in the 5’ to 3’ direction |
| Leading Strand | Built continuously toward the replication fork |
| Lagging Strand | Built in small, discontinuous segments called Okazaki fragments away from the fork |
| Interphase (Preparation) | The longest part of the cycle where the cell is highly active |
| G1 (Gap 1) | Growth; production of new proteins and organelles |
| G0 (Resting State) | Cells exit the cycle to perform specialized jobs without dividing (e.g., mature nerve or muscle cells) |
| S (Synthesis) | The most critical stage; the cell makes a complete copy of its DNA |
| G2 (Gap 2) | Final growth and synthesis of organelles (like centrioles) needed for division |
| M-Phase (Division) | The shortest phase involving dramatic physical changes |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus and equal separation of replicated DNA |
| Cytokinesis | Physical division of the cytoplasm |
| Animals | Form a cleavage furrow |
| Plants | Build a cell plate |
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