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microbio5
vocab
| Term | Definition/Examples |
|---|---|
| Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor | An enzyme used by retroviruses. - HIV |
| Fungi Modes of Action | ergosterol targets cell membrane chitin & B glucan target cell wall |
| Condition/Factors that lead to development of drug resistance... | overuse subtherapeutic dosing patient non-compliance |
| Minimal Inhibitory Concentration | Lowest concentration of drugs that inhibits bacterial growth. |
| Different mechanisms of action for Protein Synthesis inhibitors... | Drugs can bind to 50 and 30 subunits. Drugs that bind with 50 block peptide bond formation. |
| Synergistic | Drugs that work better in combination |
| Antagonistic | drugs do not work better together i.e. Antacids Antacids can lower the effectiveness of some drugs. |
| New antibiotic discovery and production has.... | declined even though antibiotic resistance had been increasing. New research areas are marine and aquatic environments, probiotics & developing synthetic inhibitors of resistance. |
| Fungi-Static | inhibit fungal growth without killing fungi |
| Bacteri-Cidal | Agents kill bacteria directly. |
| Fungistatic | Clotrimazole |
| Bactericidal | Penicillin, Van comguin |
| Broad Spectrum | Spectrum that should be used for mixed infection, or empirically if something has a life threatening/serious infection. Could risk superinfections. |
| Narrow Spectrum | Drugs manly effective against grant and few gram (-) best used when the cause of infection is specifically known to be gram + or if specific bacterium causing infection is determined. |
| Bacteriostatic -Static | causes reversible inhibition of growth of Bacteria. |
| Bactericidal -Cidal | Kills bacteria & should be used for life threatening infections. |
| Robert Koch | developed methodology for conclusively determining the etiology of disease |
| Elrich | was someone who found the first antimicrobial drug = salvarsan |
| Fleming | First naturally occurring drug =penicillin |
| Types of Microbes most Resistant from most to least... | Endospore Mycobacteria Gram+ Gram- |
| Phenol Coefficient greater than 1 #>1 | Phenol coef better |
| Phenol Coefficient less than 1 #<1 | Phenol coef worse |
| Virucidal | Inactivates / destroys viruses i.e. 70 % alcohol and Bleach |
| Sporicidal | Destroy bacterial or fungal spores usually harsh chemicals. - Ethylene oxide - glutaraldehyde |
| Fungicidal | Kills fungi directly - Amphotericin B |
| Bacteriostatic | Inhibits bacterial growth & reproduction ( does not directly kill bacteria ) - tetracyclme |
| DEGERMING | Mechanical removal of Microbes from a surface often skin rather than killing them chemically. - hand washing with soap and water |
| STERILIZATION (yes sterile) | Process that completely destroys all microorganisms (INCLUDING SPORES) - Ethylene oxide |
| SANITATION | Process that reduces microbial # number to safe levels (DOES NOT KILL ALL PATHOGENS) - soap and water on dishes |
| ANTISEPSIS (not sterilizer) | Kills/ Inhibits microbes on living tissue skin, mucous membrane. - iodine before surgery |
| DISINFECTION (not sterilizer) | Kills / reduces most pathogenic microbes on inanimate objects (DOES NOT KILL BACTERIAL SPORES) - bleach on a countertop |
| Actinomycetes | Main group of soil bacteria responsible for making antibiotics |
| Freezing. | below 0C |
| Pasteurization | 72C classic |
| Boiling | 100 C |
| Autoclave | 121 C and 15 minutes |
| Dry Oven | 170C and 2 hours |
| Refrigeration | 3C - 7C |
| HEPA filters... | .. help remove microbes form the air |
| radiation- ionizing | x rays and gamma rays, causing double strand breaks in DNA . |
| radiation - non ionizing | uv causing thymine in DNA |
| Noninfectious disease | genetic diseases - sickle cell |
| Metabolic disease | - diabetes |
| Non Communicable disease | infectious diseases that are not spread person to person, but rather from some other source to person (i.e. tetanus, botulism, respiratory fungal infections) |
| Nosocomial - | - infections acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting MRSA - Catheter care UTI |
| Zoonotic- | - transmitted from animals to humans Lyme disease, Rabies, Salmonellosis |
| Facultative Intracellular- | -microorganisms that thrive and produce both and outside host cells. |
| Antigenic drift | = small point mutation changes to spike proteins H and N. |
| Antigen shift | = reassortment of genes between different virus strains leading to more substantial changes- leading to new flu virus strains. |
| sporadic + | + only occasionally |
| endemic + | constantly present in a population |
| epidemic + | large number of cases in a short time |
| pandemic + | worldwide epidemic |
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