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plate movement
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Crust | Earth's outer layer; the coolest and least dense layer of Earth. See also core, and mantle |
| mantle | The layer of Earth beneath the crust. It is about 2,900 km thick |
| outer core | a liquid, metallic layer of Earth, approximately 2,260–2,300 km (1,400–1,800 miles) thick, composed mainly of iron and nickel. |
| inner core | Earth's deepest layer, a solid,5,000–6,000°C (up to 10,000°F) hot sphere at the planet's center, approximately 2,500 km (1,550 miles) wide |
| latitude | The distance north or south of the equator measured in degrees. |
| longitude | The distance east or west of the prime meridian in Greenwich, England; measured in degrees |
| oceanic ridge | a continuous, 65,000-km long underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics, where divergent plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new seafloor |
| sea-floor spreading | a geologic process occurring at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates diverge, allowing magma from the mantle to rise, cool, and create new oceanic crust |
| divergent boundary | occurs where two tectonic plates move apart, causing magma to rise from the mantle, solidify, and create new crust. |
| convergent boundary | a location where two or more tectonic plates move toward each other and collide |
| transform boundary | a tectonic plate boundary where two plates slide horizontally past each other, neither creating nor destroying lithosphere |
| subduction | The process by which one plate of the lithosphere sinks and slides under another |
| ocean trench | Long, deep formation on the ocean floor that develops where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other, and one is moving under the other |
| tectonic plate | A piece of earth's crust that, according to plate tectonics, is pushed by movement in the asthenosphere |
| lithosphere | The cool, solid outer shell of earth. It consists of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle and is broken up into segments, or plates |
| fracture | The breakage of a rock into two or more pieces |
| elasticity | The ability of rock to be stretched and then return to its original position once the stress has been removed |
| stress | The amount of force being applied to a rock or surface |
| strain | Change in volume, size, or shape that results from stress |
| plate boundary | A place where pieces of the broken lithosphere meet. Boundary types include convergent, divergent, and transform |
| continental crust | Crust that contains mostly land, ranging from 15 to 70 kilometers (9 to 43 miles) thick |
| oceanic crust | Crust that lies beneath the ocean, ranging from 5 to 10 km thick |
| friction | A force that opposes the motion of objects, which are in contact |
| rift valley | The valley formed by a diverging plate boundary |
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