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vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| crust | A crust is a hard outer layer, coating, or surface, commonly referring to bread, pastry, or the outermost solid layer of a planet. |
| mantle | A mantle is a loose, sleeveless cloak or a covering that envelopes something |
| outer core | The outer core is a liquid layer, approximately 2,200 km (1,367 miles) thick, composed mainly of iron and nickel, located between Earth's mantle and inner core. |
| inner core | The inner core is the solid, innermost layer of Earth, acting as a, "planet within a planet" at the planet's center |
| longitude | Longitude is the angular distance, expressed in degrees (0° to 180°), east or west of the Prime Meridian (0°), passing through Greenwich, England. |
| latitude | Latitude is a geographic coordinate specifying the north-south position of a point on Earth, measured in degrees |
| oceanic ridge | An ocean ridge (or mid-ocean ridge) is a continuous, underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics, typically with a central rift valley, spanning roughly 80,000 km across the globe. |
| sea-floor spreading | Seafloor spreading is a geological process where tectonic plates pull apart at mid-ocean ridges, allowing magma to rise from the mantle, harden, and create new oceanic crust. |
| divergent boundary | A divergent boundary is a linear feature where two tectonic plates move apart, or diverge, allowing magma to rise from the mantle and create new crust |
| convergent boundary | A convergent boundary, or destructive boundary, is a location where two or more tectonic plates move toward each other and collide |
| transform boundary | A transform boundary is a tectonic plate margin where two plates slide horizontally past one another, neither creating nor destroying lithosphere. |
| subduction | Subduction is a geological process in plate tectonics where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries |
| ocean trench | An ocean trench is a long, narrow, V-shaped depression in the ocean floor that represents the deepest parts of the ocean. |
| tectonic plate | A tectonic plate (or lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, composed of Earth's lithosphere—the crust and upper mantle. |
| lithosphere | The lithosphere is Earth's rigid, outermost shell, composed of the crust and the brittle upper portion of the mantle. |
| fracture | A fracture is a medical term for a broken or cracked bone, where the tissue has separated due to high-force impact, stress, or weakening. |
| elasticity | Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation (physical) or the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another (economic). |
| stress | Stress is the body and mind's non-specific, automatic response to any demand, pressure, or threat. |
| strain | A strain is a physical injury caused by overstretching or tearing muscles or tendons, commonly resulting from overuse or sudden, forceful movement. |
| plate boundary | Plate boundaries are the edges where Earth's tectonic plates meet. |
| continetal crust | The continental crust is the thick, buoyant, and relatively low-density outer layer of Earth's lithosphere that forms the continents and continental shelves. |
| oceanic crust | Oceanic crust is the thin, dense, and young outer layer of Earth’s lithosphere that underlies ocean basins, typically 5–10 km thick. |
| friction | Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of two solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements sliding or rubbing against each other |
| rift valley | A rift valley is a linear-shaped lowland or depression between several highlands or mountain ranges, formed by the downward displacement of a block of the earth's crust between parallel faults (a graben) due to tectonic plates pulling apart. |
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