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The Cerebrum

Chapter 13 - A & P Lecture

QuestionAnswer
What is the cerebrum? the largest and most functionally complex portion of the brain
what is the cerebrum responible for? conscious thought voluntary movement sensory perception personality and decision-making
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres: Right hemisphere & Left hemisphere
what is the longitudinal fissure? deep groove that separates hemispheres
The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the ______ ______, which is composed of _____ ______ cerebral cortex, gray matter
To increase surface area (and thus processing power), the cortex is highly folded: Gyri → raised ridges (folds) Sulci → shallow grooves (depressions) Fissures → deep grooves
what landmarks organize the brain into regions? Longitudinal fissure, Lateral fissure, Central sulcus
Longitudinal fissure → separates right and left hemispheres
Lateral fissure → separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Central sulcus → divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Two critical gyri sit on either side of the central sulcus: Precentral gyrus (anterior to central sulcus) & Postcentral gyrus (posterior to central sulcus)
Precentral gyrus → contains the primary motor cortex → controls voluntary muscle movement
Postcentral gyrus → contains the primary somatosensory cortex → processes touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
List the neuron types of the cortex: Pyramidal cells, Stellate cells, Fusiform cells
Pyramidal cells → primary output neurons (motor control)
Stellate cells → sensory processing
Fusiform cells → integration and communication
what is the purpose of so many neuron types within the cortex? This diversity allows the cortex to handle complex integration of information
Each hemisphere is divided into ____ lobes
Frontal Lobe Voluntary motor control Personality and decision-making Motivation and aggression Mood regulation Sense of smell 👉 “Executive center” of the brain
Parietal Lobe Receives and interprets sensory input (except vision, hearing, and smell) 👉 Responsible for body awareness
Occipital Lobe Processes visual information 👉 Purely vision-focused
Temporal Lobe Hearing and smell processing Memory formation Abstract thinking and judgment
Insula (Hidden Lobe) Located deep within the lateral fissure Processes taste
Beneath the cortex lies the ______ _______, composed of white matter (myelinated axons). cerebral medulla
cerebral medulla acts as the brain’s communication network
Types of Fiber Tracts Association fibers, Commissural fibers, Projection fibers
Association fibers → connect regions within the same hemisphere
Commissural fibers → connect the two hemispheres → major example: corpus callosum
Projection fibers → connect the cerebrum to the brainstem and spinal cord
The______ _____ (also called basal ganglia) are clusters of gray matter involved in _____ ______ basal nuclei, motor control
location of basal nuclei? cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain
In the cerebrum Basal Nuclei is composed of? Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus
outside the cerebrum Basal Nuclei is composed of? Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra
function of basal nuclei? Regulate movement precision Prevent unwanted movements 👉 Dysfunction here is linked to disorders like Parkinson’s disease
Where does limbic system span from? the cerebrum and diencephalon
Limbic system is essential for: Emotion Motivation Learning Memory Influence on endocrine and autonomic systems
Structures of the limbic system: Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus → memory formation Amygdala → emotion (especially fear) Hypothalamus (mammillary bodies) → homeostasis + hormones Anterior thalamic nuclei & habenula Olfactory cortex → smell
 

 



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