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Bio ch 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| recombinant DNA (rDNA) | DNA made by combining sequences from different sources |
| how are e. coli used for gene cloning | e, coli takes up plasmids containing recombinant DNA. the bacteria replicate, producing many copies of the gene |
| what type of organisms produce restriction enzymes and why? | bacteria produce them as a defense mechanism to cup up foreign DNA from viruses (like an immune system) |
| why are restriction enzymes used for making recombinant DNA ? | they cut DNA at specific sequences, producing restriction fragments with sticky ends. |
| what's a cloning vector | DNA molecule—typically a plasmid or virus—used to carry foreign DNA into cells |
| what's the purpose of PCR | amplifies a specific DNA segment, producing many copies. |
| lacz gene | encodes enzyme that breaks down lactose |
| ampr gene | gives resistance to ampicillin. |
| purpose of x-gal | used to identify transformed bacteria turns blue when gene is disrupted |
| how is a gene inserted into bacteria using a plasmid | cut DNA and plasmid with restriction enzymes, join with ligase, transform bacteria |
| gel electrophoresis | process used to separate DNA separates based on size, charge and other properties |
| how does rflp detect mutations | a mutation can change a restriction enzymes cut site, causing DNA to be cut into different sized fragments that show diff band patterns on a gel. |
| differentiation/differential gene expression | the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function because of diff genes being expressed |
| how is differentiation different In plants | plant cells can differentiate and develop into a complete organism |
| totipotent cell | can develop into a complete organism |
| nuclear transplantation | when u remove the nucleus of an egg cell and replace it with the nucleus of a differentiated cell |
| how was dolly the sheep cloned and what did it prove | proved adult cells can be reprogrammed to form an organism. |
| what's a stem cell | an undifferentiated cell that can reproduce itself and differentiate |
| what are embryonic stem cells and where are they found | cells from the blastocyst stage that can become almost any cell type pluripotent |
| what are adult stem cells, where are they found, what do they do in our bodies | undifferentiated cells in tissues that repair/replace cells and can form a limited range of cell types. mulitipotent |
| what does pluripotent mean and which cells are pluripotent | can become almost any cell type |
| what are induced pluripotent stem cells and how are they made | their adult cells reprogrammed with specific genes to become pluripotent like escs. |
| what's regenerative medicine | used to repair or replace damaged tissues |
| how can scientist control differentiation | use signaling molecules and growth factors |
| what's tissue engineering | growing new tissues and organs in the lab |
| why are escs a promising source for treating diseases | they can become almost any cell type in the body |
| how are induced pluripotent stem cells produced | adult cells are taken from a patient, reprogrammed with genes to become pluripotent, then grown and directed to differentiate into specific cells types. |
| how are ips cells useful | they are made from a patient's own cells so the immune system recognizes them. avoids immune rejection and ethical issues |
| what's an enucleated cell | an egg cell with its nucleus removed |
| why must a transferred nucleus be reprogrammed ? | to reset gene expression to embryonic state |
| who is the clone genetically identical to during cloning | the nucleus donor |
| what are cas proteins | enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences |
| how does crispr protect bacteria | stores viral DNA and uses RNA/cas to recognize and cut if it returns. |
| why does guide RNA do | directs cas9 to the specific DNA sequence to cut |
| what is needed to insert new DNA using crispr | a donor DNA template that the cell uses to repair the cut and insert a new sequence |
| what are transgenic animals | organisms with genes from another species |
| how is a transgenic plant made | interest gene into plasmid transfer into plant cells gene integrates plant expresses new trait |
| what's a GMO (genetically modified organisms) | an organism whose DNA has been altered using biotechnology |
| Mirna regulation | small RNA molecules bind to mRNA to block transcription or cause mRNA degradation |
| why do transformed bacteria survive on amp plates | they produce the bla gene that breaks down ampicillin |
Created by:
Lilyhowes