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A & P Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nonspecific immunity is another name for | innate immunity |
| Which of the following would result in natural active immunity? | Getting infected by a pathogen |
| Often a virus infected cell will release ________ to prevent spread of the infection | interferon |
| A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that | forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis |
| Inflammation is a(n) | nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue |
| Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? | Numbness |
| What is the part of an antigen that the antibody attaches to? | Epitope |
| Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies? | Plasma cell |
| The secondary response of the immune system to an infectious agent involves | more cells than the antigen challenge, due to the proliferation of memory cells |
| IgA is primarily found | in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus |
| Opsonization involves | marking a target for phagocytosis, and it is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte |
| If T- lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely | cause autoimmune disorders |
| MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with | cytotoxic T-lymphocytes |
| Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen | on the surface of a cell so that a T- lymphocyte can be exposed to it |
| Helper T - lymphocytes are also known as | CD4+ cells |
| Which is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? | Alveoli |
| Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to | increase |
| What structure is also known as the "voice box"? | Larynx |
| What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi? | Trachea |
| What prevents the trachea from collapsing? | The C-shaped cartilaginous rings |
| The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the | alveolar type II cell |
| Which of the two lungs is larger and wider? | The right lung |
| According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas ________ if the volume of its container increases | decreases |
| At rest, a normal person breathes about ________ times per minute | 12 |
| A buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia leads to an increase in the | physiologic dead space |
| The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the | functional residual capacity |
| Approximately what percent of the oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes? | 98% |
| Which of the following will increase the ability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen? | Increased oxygen concentration |
| Which of the following describes the exchange of gases from blood to tissues? | Internal respiration |
| Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble? | Interstitial fluid |
| The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is | hydrostatic pressure |
| The lymphatic system's main function is to assist in | immunity |
| Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally resemble | veins |
| Which is NOT drained by the right lymphatic duct? | Right side of abdomen |
| The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the | right arm |
| Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, ________ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated | secondary |
| The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies | to the red bone marrow and thymus. |
| Where do T- lymphocytes mature? | Thymus gland |
| The thymus is at its maximum size | at puberty |
| Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the | small intestine |
| Tonsils have multiple invaginated outer edges called ________ that help trap material. | crypts |
| The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are | ingested or inhaled |
| Lymph nodes | filter lymph |
| Which is not a function of the spleen? | Filters lymph |
| Which organ is Not part of the gastrointestinal tract? | Liver |
| The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the | oral cavity |
| If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as | chemoreceptors |
| An enzyme found within saliva is salivary | amylase |
| Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to | inhibit bacterial growth |
| Mastication is a process that facilitates | swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes |
| Late one night, while studying for your anatomy class, you open a box of saltine crackers to do a little snacking. After chewing on a starchy morsel for a few minutes, you begin to notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this? | Salivary amylase activity |
| The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the | cardiac sphincter |
| Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen? | Chief cells |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end? | Duodenum- jejunum- ileum |
| Pepsinogen is an | inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach |
| Which of the following is considered to be one of the primary digestive system hormones? | Gastrin |
| What is the primary function of the gall bladder? | Store and secrete bile |
| What is the primary function of the large intestine? | Reabsorb water |
| Which of the following secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid? | Pancreas |
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