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Ideologies
Politics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conservatism - Pragmatism | flexible approach to society with decisions made on the basis of what works |
| Conservatism - Tradition | accumulated wisdom of past societies and a connection between generations |
| Conservatism - Human Imperfection | humans are flawed which makes them incapable of making good decisions for themselves |
| Conservatism - Organic Society | society is more important than any individual parts |
| Conservatism - Paternalism | benign power exerted from above by the state that governs in the interests of the people |
| Conservatism - Libertarianism | upholds liberty, seeking to maximise autonomy and free choice (mainly in the economy) |
| Conservatism - Traditional Conservative | committed to hierarchical and paternalistic values |
| Conservatism - One-Nation Conservative | updating of traditional conservatism in response to the emergence of capitalism |
| Conservatism - New-Right Conservatism | the marriage of neo-liberal (concerned with free-market economics and atomistic individualism) and neo-conservative (concerned with fear of social fragmentation, law and order and public morality) ideas |
| Conservatism - Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) | believed in an ordered society and that human nature is needy, vulnerable and easily led astray in attempts to understand the world |
| Conservatism - Edmund Burke (1729-1797) | believed that political change should be undertaken with great caution and tradition and empiricism - practices passed down for generations should be respected |
| Conservatism - Michael Oakeshott (1901-1990) | believed in human imperfection, that society is unpredictable and pragmatism |
| Conservatism - Ayn Rand (1905-1982) | believed in objectivism (advocates the virtues of rational self-interest) and freedom (supports a Laissez-Faire economy) |
| Conservatism - Robert Nozick (1938-2002) | believed in Libertarianism - based on Kant's ideas that individuals in society can't be treated as a thing, or used against their will as a resource |
| Liberalism - Individualism | the primacy of the individual in society over any other group |
| Liberalism - Freedom/Liberty | the ability and right to make decisions in your own interests based on your view of human nature |
| Liberalism - State | this is necessary to avoid disorder, but 'evil' as it has potential to remove individual liberty, thus should be removed |
| Liberalism - Rationalism | the belief that humans are rational creatures, capable of reason and logic |
| Liberalism - Equality/Social Justice | the belief that individuals are of equal value and they should be treated impartially and fairly by society |
| Liberalism - Liberal Democracy | a democracy that balances the will of the people, as shown through elections, with limited government (state) and a respect for civil liberties in society |
| Liberalism - Classical Liberalism | early liberals who believed that liberalism is best achieved with a minimal state |
| Liberalism - Modern Liberalism | emerged as a reaction against free-market capitalism, believing this had led to many individuals not being free |
| Liberalism - John Locke (1632-1704) | believed in social contract theory (society, state and govt are based on a theoretical voluntary agreement) and limited government (based on consent) |
| Liberalism - Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) | believed in reason (women are rational and independent beings) and formal equality (in order to be free, women should enjoy full civil liberties and careers) |
| Liberalism - JS Mill (1806-1873) | believed in harm principle (individuals should be free to do anything except harm others) and tolerance (the popularity of a view doesn't necessarily make it correct) |
| Liberalism - John Rawls (1921-2002) | believed in theory of justice (society must be just and guarantee each citizen a life worth living) and the veil of ignorance |
| Liberalism - Betty Friedan (1921-2006) | believed in legal equality and equality of opportunity |
| Socialism - Collectivism | how collective human effort is both of greater practical value to the economy and moral value to society than the effort of individuals |
| Socialism - Common Humanity | humans are creatures by nature with a tendency to cooperate, socialise and be rational and human nature is determined by society |
| Socialism - Equality | a fundamental value of socialism |
| Socialism - Social Class | a group of people in society who have the same socioeconomic status |
| Socialism - Workers' Control | the extent of control over the economy/state and how it is to be achieved |
| Socialism - Revolutionary Socialism | socialism can be brought about only by the overthrow of existing political/societal structures |
| Socialism - Social Democracy | an ideological view that wishes to humanise capitalism in the interests of social justice |
| Socialism - Third Way | a middle-ground alternative route to socialism and free-market capitalism |
| Socialism - Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels (C.18th) | believed in the centrality of social class, historical materialism, dialectic change and revolutionary class consciousness. Humans are social beings and common humanity can only be expressed under communism |
| Socialism - Beatrice Webb (1858-1943) | believed in 'the inevitability of gradualness' and the expansion of the state |
| Socialism - Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) | believed that evolutionary socialism and revisionism weren't possible as capitalism is based on economic exploitation. Struggle by the proletariat for reform and democracy (class consciousness) |
| Socialism - Anthony Crossland (1918-1977) | believed in the inherent contradictions in capitalism and that state-managed capitalism has benefits |
| Socialism - Anthony Giddens (1938- ) | against state intervention and that the state has a role solely in infrastructure and education, not economic and social engineering |
Created by:
19thomps