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Hematology
Med Emergencies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of blood and blood-forming organs | hematology |
| what does blood consist of | plasma (most abundant), erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
| organs/components involved in the hematopoietic system | blood (cells and plasma), bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys |
| formation and development of blood and blood cells | hematopoiesis |
| "master cells" capable of self-renewal by dividing and developing into 3 primary groups of cells | pluripotent stem cells |
| 3 groups of cells pluripotent stem cells can divide into are called? what kind of stem cells are these considered? | ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm; multipotent stem cells |
| neural lineages and skin cells come from what multipotent stem cell group? | ectoderm |
| thyroid, digestive tract, and lung cells come from what multipotent stem cell group? | endoderm |
| bone, muscle, cartilage, fat, and blood cells come from what multipotent stem cell group? | mesoderm |
| hematopoietic stem cells differentiate from the bone marrow can turn into what 2 progenitor cell types? | myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells |
| megakaryocytes, eosinophil, basophil, erythrocytes, monocyte, and neutrophils come from what progenitor cell? | myeloid |
| where do platelets come from? | fragments of megakaryocytes |
| dendritic and macrophages come from what larger cell? | monocytes |
| T, B, and NK cells come from what progenitor cell? | lymphoid |
| T cells can clone into what types of cells? | helper T cells (CD4), cytotoxic T cells (CD8) |
| B cells can become what two types of cells? | memory B cells and plasma cells |
| hormone produced by kidney promotes RBC's by bone marrow secreted by renal cells when they detect hypoxia | erythropoietin |
| % of plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes that make up blood | Plasma 55%, buffy coat <1%,, and erythrocytes 45% of total blood |
| what is in the buffy coat | leukocytes and platelets |
| thick, pale liquid that transports dissolved nutrients and cellular components of blood that contains 90% water, 7% proteins, 3% fats, carbs, electrolytes, and gases | plasma |
| what creates the osmotic pull/oncotic pressure in the capillaries towards the venous end? | large proteins left in the vessel like albumin |
| anucleated, biconcave discs whose main function is to transport oxygen molecules | red blood cells |
| RBC count vs hematocrit (how much in men vs women) | RBC: total # reported in parts per million Hematocrit: packed volume of RBC's per unit of blood 42% women, 45% men |
| RBC count can also be measured by what? | hemoglobin |
| how much hematocrit vs plasma is in the case of anemia? | hematocrit is 30% plasma 70 |
| when a patient has polycythemia, what % hematocrit is present vs plasma? | hematocrit 70%, plasma 30 |
| when a person is dehydrated what is happening in the body and how much of the volume is hematocrit? | the plasma level decreases which decreases overall volume = non-hemorrhagic hypotension with 70% of that volume being hematocrit |
| how do leukocytes move out of the capillaries to get to infected sites? | diapedesis = squeezing through into interstitial spaces |
| 3 types of leukocytes | monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes |
| fibrinolytic enzyme produced by liver that slowly dissolves clots and is present in the blood in activated form as plasminogen | plasmin |
| 3 basic types of transfusion reactions | allergic, hemolytic, and febrile nonhemolytic |
| transfusion reaction with symptoms of urticaria, pruritis, edema, dyspnea, tachycardia happening within first 10-15min of first 50mL of blood | allergic reaction |
| very rare but serious transfusion reaction with symptoms of facial flushing, tachypnea, tachycardia, urticaria, flank pain and kidney failure | hemolytic reaction |
| most common type of transfusion reaction starting 1-6 hours post infusion with symptoms of fever, chills, and mild dyspnea | febrile nonhemolytic |
| most common RBC's disease when hematocrit drops below 47% in women and 40% in men and usually asymptomatic until below 30% | anemia |
| 3 main reasons for anemia | lack of RBC production, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss |
| aplastic, iron deficiency, pernicious, and renal anemia are all a part of what category of anemia? | lack of RBC production |
| what kind of anemia: failure bone marrow to produce enough RBC's (chemotherapy patients) | aplastic anemia |
| What kind of anemia: not enough iron available to synthesize Hg | iron deficiency anemia |
| What kind of anemia: vitB12 deficiency | pernicious anemia |
| what kind of anemia: inadequate erythropoietin secretion | renal anemia |
| what kind of anemia causes increased RBC destruction that can cause priapism, muscle cramps, acute kidney injury via vasooclusive crisis and are crescent shaped | Sickle Cell anemia |
| type of anemia caused from blood loss? | hemorrhagic anemia |
| difference between essential and reactive thrombocytosis | essential is making more without trauma and reactive is response to trauma |
| most common bleeding disorder characterized by deficiency in Von Willebrand Factor which holds platelet plug together and allows for factor VIII to work and build fibrin mesh | Von Willebrand's Disease |
| serious disorder in which proteins controlling blood clotting become overactive building micro clots in blood (common in sepsis) | disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
Created by:
Lindsey.George