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Bio 111 fungi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are fungi? | heterotrophs, they grow everywhere. eukaryote, first recognized as a kingdom in the late 60s |
| synapomorphies of fungi | flagella of fungi and animals are homologous, glycogen is their storage molecule |
| what is a fungi's genome and reproduction method look like? | very small genome, can reproduce sexually or asexually (usually the latter) |
| characteristics of fungi | -chitinous cell wall -food stored in forms of lipid or glycogen -all aerobic (no obligate anaerobes) -69,000 to 100,000 species -feed by absorptive heterotrophy |
| body forms of fungi | -unicellular -filamentous -mycelium (mushroom cap), but not all make this -sclerotium (hard covering in colder weather) |
| characteristics of hyphae | -tubular (hard wall of chitin) -may divide into individual cells (with tons of nuclei) -grow from tips toward food -fan out and lay on plant cells |
| what do specialized hyphae do? | they penetrate the tissues of their host (adopted for hunting & killing prey) |
| what is heterotrophy by absorption? | -fungi acquire carbon from organic sources -hyphal tips release enzymes -enzymes break down organic sources -dissolved products diffuse back into hyphae |
| how do fungi reproduce (more in depth) | -always reproduce by spores (they enable long distance dispersal) -many spores are produced (generally airborne) |
| boundary layer of fungi | many fungi don't grow tall enough to clear the boundary layer so spores become airborne |
| chytrids (type of fungi) | thought to be the first branch of fungi, main cause of amphibian extinction, small, unicellular, live in freshwaters, most are parasitic, have flagella. |
| zygomycetes | mostly molds, shoot their spores (about 20 feet) |
| ascomycetes (sac fungi) | sexual spores formed in sac-like asci, contained in fruiting bodices. |
| basidiomycetes characteristics | mushrooms, shelf fungi (wood decomposers). some are parasites, others are rusts and smuts. transient diploid stage in the life cycle |
| what kingdom is ascomycetes and basidiomycetes in? | dikarya |
| basidia | reproductive structures produced by fungi. 2 kinds of nuclei. fuse, become diploid, undergo meiosis and produce lots of spores |
| microsporidians characteristics | -obligant spore-producing parasites of insects, arthropods, and 10% infect vertebrates -lack mitochondria, but genes for mitochondria are in nucleus -one of the smallest eukaryotes |
| ecological roles of fungi (decomposers) | saprobes are primary agents for biodegradation of plants and woody debris |
| ecological roles of fungi (animal pathogens) | fungi in North American deserts cost $29 million in hospital costs for citizens in Arizona |
| ecological roles of fungi (disease agents) | invading tissues, producing harmful enzymes, or triggering severe immune responses that damage the host. |
| what are mychorrhizal associations | mutual beneficial relationships between soil fungi and plant roots |
| ectomychorriza | fungus wraps around plant's roots (not inside root cells) but between cells |
| abuscular mycorrhiza | inside plant cell wall/inside root cells |
| what are arbuscules? | tiny branching structures where nutrient exchange happens (most important mutualistic form) |
| what is the trade-off between plants and fungi | fungi provide water and phosphorus to plant, plants give sugar to fungi |
| lichens characteristics | -ultimate symbiosis -contains algae + fungus + bacteria -grow in dry valleys of Antarctica, deserts, pretty much anywhere -cyanobacteria in there (3 way relationship) -protected place for algae to live in |
| fungi in history (3 points) | -fungal rust wiped out coffee in Britain (changed to tea drinkers) -great irish migration: fungi attacked potatoes, killed millions -Salem Witch Trials: due to a fungus that was a hallucinogenic, people acted strange |
Created by:
madalynes