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Weathering and Soil

Exam 3

QuestionAnswer
What is weathering? Break down of pre-existing rocks ; form sediments
What is soil? Stratified mixture of regolith that includes sufficient organic material, water, and air to support plant life
What is the physical weathering process? Disintegration of rocks and minerals into small pieces (not chemical changes)
What are the 4 types of physical weathering? Jointing, Wedging, Thermal expansion, Biological factors
What is physical weathering? decreases particle size leads to more surface area exposed (LEADS TO CHEMICAL WEATHERING due to exposed SURFACE AREA)
What is chemical weathering? Breakdown of rock through chemical processes Water and oxygen are key!
What are the 3 types of chemical weathering? Dissolution, hydrolysis, oxidation
What are joints? Natural cracks in rocks ; sometimes a result of unloading
What is unloading? Pressure release
What are exfoliation joints? Layered cracks when pressure released - like onion layers Keyword: unloading
What is wedging and what are the two types? Expansion and contraction in cracks in joints Frost and Salt
What is frost wedging? Water getting in cracks repeatedly and freezing, expanding cracks = broken rocks
What is salt wedging? Salt precipitates into rock cracks, sometimes creating patterns Is also called honeycomb weathering if that helps
What is thermal expansion? Outer layer of rock expand or shrink depending on time of day Peak heat = expand rock ; Cool night = contracting rock
What are examples of biological weathering? Tree roots, fungus ; Sea urchins scraping rock ; Animals burrowing (animal attack)
What is dissolution? Water slowly dissolves minerals, forming caves and sinkholes most caves are LIMESTONE
How does salt and LIMESTONE relate to dissolution? Salt and especially LIMESTONE(carbonates) are soluble / react with acid, meaning they WEATHER FASTER
What is hydrolysis? Creates new minerals that are weak, occurring with water ; Hydrogen ions in water replace other ions in silicate materials
What is oxidation? Metals react with oxygen and lose an electron Makes rust (orange)
What climates increase weathering? Warmer and wetter (shut up) climates
What is erosion? Transport of weathered material
What influences soil erosion? Amount and frequency of rainfall, Wind velocity, Character of soil (Sticky - doesn’t erode easily), Vegetation cover, Slope
What is conservation tillage? Soil conservation strategies to conserve soil
What strategies are there? Cover crops, Contour plowing, terraces, Shelter belts, Prevent nutrients from being depleted by returning organic matter to soil
Of those, which is the best for steep slopes? Terraces
Created by: user-1965680
 

 



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