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KEY PERS
KEY COG
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the role of the unconscious according to Freud? | The unconscious stores desires, fears, and memories that influence behavior without awareness; it drives much of personality. |
| What is consciousness | Thoughts we are aware of. |
| What is preconsciousness | Memories or knowledge not currently in awareness but can be accessed. |
| What are the main ideas of psychoanalytic theory as it applies to personality? | Personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts, psychosexual stages, and the interaction of Id, Ego, and Superego. |
| Who is Eliot Spitzer, and how does his story relate to psychoanalytic theory? | Former NY governor involved in a scandal; Freud might interpret his behavior as the Id’s impulses |
| What is the Id, according to Freud? | The Id is the unconscious, pleasure-seeking part of the mind focused on immediate gratification |
| What is the Ego? | The Ego mediates between the Id, Superego, and reality; it uses reason and rationality |
| What is the Superego? | The Superego is the internalized moral standards and ideals learned from parents/society. |
| How do Id, Ego, and Superego interact? | The Id seeks pleasure, the Superego imposes rules, and the Ego balances both within reality. |
| What is fixation? | A lingering focus on an earlier psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflict, influencing adult behavior. |
| What is a defense mechanism? | Unconscious strategies used by the Ego to reduce anxiety from conflicts between Id and Superego |
| Name common defense mechanisms | Repression, denial, projection, displacement, regression, sublimation, rationalization |
| What is libido | Psychic energy or sexual energy driving behavior according to Freud |
| What is psychic determinism | The idea that all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors have a cause, often rooted in the unconscious |
| How does Freud’s theory compare to modern research on mental energy | Modern research views mental energy more broadly, not strictly sexual or aggressive as Freud proposed. |
| How does Freud’s psychosexual development relate to Id, Ego, and Superego | Early stages shape the Id; the Ego and Superego develop later to manage conflicts and societal demands. |
| How do Neo-Freudian theories differ from traditional psychoanalysis | They emphasize social and cultural factors over sexual drives, and ego functioning rather than unconscious conflict |
| What is Adler’s theory of personality | Focused on striving for superiority, social interest, and overcoming perceived inferiority |
| What is masculine protest | Efforts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, often socially defined as “masculine” traits |
| What is social interest | A desire to contribute positively to society |
| What is organ inferiority | Belief that physical weakness drives compensatory behavior in personality development. |
| What is ego psychology | Emphasis on the Ego’s adaptive and rational functions rather than unconscious conflict. |
| What is Jung’s theory of personality | Personality includes conscious attitudes, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious; introversion/extraversion influence orientation |
| What is persona | The social mask we present to the world |
| What is the collective unconscious | Shared inherited memories and archetypes across humanity. |
| What is Jungian extraversion and introversion | Extraversion: oriented toward the external world. Introversion: oriented toward inner thoughts and feelings. |
| What is Horney’s theory of personality? | Personality shaped by social and cultural factors; emphasizes anxiety, neurotic needs, and moving toward/against/away from people |
| What is Erikson’s theory of personality | What is Erikson’s theory of personality |
| Compare Erikson and Freud’s development theories | Freud = psychosexual stages, focused on sexual drives. Erikson = psychosocial stages, focused on social relationships and ego development. |
| What is humanistic psychology? | Focuses on free will, personal growth, and self-actualization. |
| What is free will’s role in this theory? | Individuals actively choose paths to fulfill potential and make meaning of life. |
| What is the phenomenological approach? | Study of conscious experience from the first-person perspective. |
| Define construal. | A person’s subjective interpretation of the world. |
| A person’s subjective interpretation of the world. | Focuses on meaning, death, freedom, and responsibility in life choices. |
| What is Maslow’s theory of personality? | Personality development involves fulfilling hierarchical needs, culminating in self-actualization. |
| What is Rogers’ theory of personality? | Focuses on self-concept, the fully functioning person, and conditions of worth. |
| Maslow’s need hierarchy (lowest → highest): | Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualization. |
| What is a fully functioning person? | Open to experience, lives in the present, trusts self, creative, and authentic. |
| What is unconditional positive regard? | Acceptance without conditions, promoting self-worth and personal growth |
| What are conditions of worth? | Expectations that must be met for approval, which can limit self-growth. |
| What is flow? | Complete immersion in an activity; requires balance of skill and challenge, clear goals, feedback, concentration, and loss of self-consciousness. |
| What is collectivism vs. individualism? | Collectivism: group goals prioritized, interdependence. Individualism: personal goals prioritized, independence. |
| How do emotions differ in collectivist vs. individualist cultures | Collectivist: emotions emphasize harmony, group impact. Individualist: emotions emphasize personal experience and expression. |
| What is idiocentrism / ideocentrism? | Focus on individual traits or autonomy within cultural context. |
| What is allocentrism | Focus on group membership and relationships. |
| How might feedback be experienced differently in individualistic vs collectivist cultures? | Individualistic: personal achievement and criticism are salient. Collectivist: feedback interpreted in terms of group harmony and social consequences |
| Be familiar with the Denmark mother case. | Example highlighting cultural influences on parenting, personality, and socialization (details from text). |
Created by:
katievp7