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Cognitive Psych 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is executive function? | An umbrella term for higher-order cognitive processes that help control goal-directed behavior, plan, focus attention, and control actions. |
| Are executive functions one ability or multiple? | They are a combination of related but separate processes. |
| What is set shifting (cognitive flexibility)? | The ability to switch between tasks or rules and adapt to changing goals. |
| Give examples of set shifting. | Switching between homework subjects, board games with changing rules, video games with changing objectives. |
| What is inhibition in executive function? | The ability to stop yourself from doing something; self-control of thoughts or behavior. |
| Give examples of inhibition. | Ignoring distractions during a test, not checking your phone while studying, not saying something rude. |
| Name common inhibition tasks. | Stroop Task (ignore automatic reading), Go/No-Go Task (press for Go stimuli, inhibit for No-Go). |
| What is the Number-Letter Task testing? | Set shifting / cognitive flexibility: switching between rules depending on stimulus location. |
| What is semantic memory? | Memory for facts and general knowledge (e.g., names of brain lobes, older brother hates green beans). |
| What is episodic memory? | Memory for personal experiences (e.g., what you did last Sunday, first dance at wedding). |
| What is autobiographical memory? | Memory for events in one’s own life that define identity, link personal history to public history, and support personal goals. |
| What is infantile amnesia? | The inability to recall memories from early childhood (usually before age 3–5). |
| Why does infantile amnesia occur? | Hippocampus not fully developed, need for language, and sense of self not fully developed. |
| What are the 7 sins of memory? | Misattribution, suggestibility, bias, transience, absentmindedness, blocking, persistence. |
| What is suggestibility? | Incorporating misleading information into existing memories (e.g., Loftus & Palmer car study). |
| What is bias? | Distortion of memories due to current knowledge, beliefs, or feelings. Types include consistency bias, egocentric bias, change bias, and confirmation bias. |
| What is misattribution? | Remembering information but assigning it to the wrong source (source memory error, false fame effect, cryptomnesia). |
| What is transience? | Forgetting over time due to memory decay. |
| What is absentmindedness? | Forgetting due to inattention or shallow encoding. |
| What is blocking? | Temporary failure to retrieve information (tip-of-the-tongue) |
| What is persistence | Intrusive memories of events we wish to forget |
| How are false memories formed | Through spreading activation in semantic networks, where related nodes trigger incorrect memories |
| What is the DRM paradigm? | Tests false memories by presenting lists of semantically related words; participants often recall a related word that was never presented. |
| What is the “Lost in the Mall” experiment? | Participants were given 3 true childhood events and 1 false; many generated details for the false event, showing memory is malleable. |
| How does suggestibility affect eyewitness testimony? | Memories can be unintentionally altered by phrasing; confidence does not equal accuracy. |
| What is a flashbulb memory? | Vivid, detailed memory of dramatic or emotional events (e.g., 9/11, Kobe Bryant’s death). |
| Vivid, detailed memory of dramatic or emotional events (e.g., 9/11, Kobe Bryant’s death). | No; even highly emotional memories can be distorted, but confidence often remains high. |
| Key elements of flashbulb memories? | Event details, source, place, time, emotional states, consequences. |
| What is explicit vs implicit memory? | xplicit: conscious remembering (recall, recognition). Implicit: unconscious memory affecting behavior (priming, skill learning). |
| What is the difference between recall and recognition? | Recall: retrieving info without cues; recognition: identifying info when seen. Recognition is easier. |
| What is semantic priming? | Prior exposure to a word/concept makes related concepts easier to process. |
| What is spreading activation? | Activation of one memory node spreads to related nodes, aiding retrieval. |
| What is subthreshold activation? | Weak activation of a memory node that may combine with other sources to trigger recall. |
| What is context-dependent learning? | Memory retrieval is better when learning and testing environments match (e.g., scuba diver experiment). |
| What is encoding specificity? | Memory works best when cues at retrieval match the conditions during encoding. |
| What are nodes and associations in memory networks? | What are nodes and associations in memory networks? |
| What is maintenance rehearsal? | Repeating information to keep it active in working memory (not effective for long-term memory). |
| What is elaborative rehearsal? | Connecting new information to existing knowledge to improve long-term memory. |
| What is deep vs shallow processing? | Deep: focusing on meaning and relationships → strong memory. Shallow: focusing on surface features → weak memory. |
| What are mnemonic strategies? | Techniques to improve recall by organizing info (e.g., “ROY G BIV” for rainbow colors). |
| What is working memory? | System for temporarily holding and manipulating info for cognitive tasks. |
| What is the phonological buffer? | What is the phonological buffer? |
| What is subvocalization? | Mentally rehearsing words without speaking aloud. |
| What is processing fluency? | What is processing fluency? |
| How easily the brain processes information; easier processing feels familiar or true. | Stroop → inhibition, Go/No-Go → impulse control, Number-Letter → set shifting / cognitive flexibility. |
| What is source confusion? | Misremembering where information came from. |
| What is the illusion of truth effect? | Repeated statements feel more true even if false. |
| What is the false fame effect? | Recently seen fake names are chosen as famous due to familiarity. |
| What is repetition priming | Prior exposure makes later recall and processing faster. |
| Remember vs Known Judgement? | Remember vs Known Judgement? |
| Recall vs Recognition in memory tests? | Recall = no cues; recognition = cues provided. Recognition is easier. |
| Name common defense mechanisms. | Repression, denial, projection, displacement, regression, sublimation, rationalization. |
Created by:
katievp7