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Praxis 5572
Earth and Spatial Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The name of the single landmass that broke apart 250 million years ago (Permian) and gave rise to today's continents | Pangea |
| During Triassic 200 mya the Tethys Sea is created between Laurasia and Gondwanaland | Continental Drift - Triassic |
| Period 65 mya | Cretaceous |
| A countour map that displays the variation in time between two seismic events or reflections | Isochron Map |
| Why are the bands on the East Pacific Rise wider on an isochron map than the bands on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? | Spreading along the East Pacific Rise is greater than the spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
| Quartz, Feldspar, Olivine, Talc, Mica | Examples of Silicates |
| Why is a plagioclase crystal in an igneous rock calcium rich in the center, but becomes progressively higher in sodium content towards the edges? | Calcium rich plagioclase crystallizes at higher temperatures, and sodium rich plagioclase crystallizes at lower temperatures. The crystals grow outward as the magma cools. |
| Sandstone, Breccia, Limestone, Conglomerate, Shale | Examples of Sedimentary Rocks |
| Obsidian, Basalt, Granite, Pumice, Gabbro | Examples of Igneous Rocks |
| How is sedimentary rock formed? | Sediments being compressed by other overlying sediments |
| How is metamorphic rock formed? | Heat and Pressure |
| How is igneous rock formed? | Cooling of Magma |
| Period 145 mya | Jurassic |
| A sedimentary deposit that is left behind when water evaporates, includes gypsum, calcite, and halite | Evaporite Mineral |
| The simplified pattern that illustrates the order in which minerals crystallize from cooling magma according to their chemical composition and melting point | Bowen's Reaction Series |
| C (Diamond) and SiO2 (quartz) | Two examples of covalent network solids |
| Orthoclase, Feldspar, Quartz, Biotite, Plagioclase Feldspar | Granite Composition |
| A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another | The Rock Cycle |
| Quartz, Talc, Magnetite, Halite, Feldspar, Gold, Diamond, Silver, Copper, Mica, Amethyst | Examples of Minerals |
| Schist, Slate, Marble, Quartzite, Gneiss | Examples of Metamorphic Rocks |
| Limestone, sandstone, breccia, conglomerate, shale, marble, halite, feldspar, calcite, dolomite (carbonate minerals) | Examples of rocks that fizz on the acid (HCl) test |
| Halite, Fluorite, Sylvite | Examples of Halides |
| Apatite | Examples of Phosphates |
| Calcite, Dolomite, Malachite, Aragonite | Examples of Carbonates |
| Galena, Pyrite, Bornite | Examples of Sulfides |
| Gypsum, Barite | Examples of Sulfates |
| What do unconformitites in the rock record represent? | Time intervals that are not recorded in the geologic record at that location |
| Why is quartz common? | It is relatively stable in conditions found at the Earth's surface |
| How have atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide changed over time? | They have decreased over time since the formation of the atmosphere |
| A scale which rates minerals from softest (1) to hardest (10) | Mohs Hardness Scale |
| What mineral is softest and hardest on Mohs hardness scale? | Talc, Diamond |
| What are the differences between Gold and Pyrite? | Pyrite is harder, forms in cubes, leaves green streak, and has sulfur |
| What are the differences between fluorite and quartz? | Quartz is harder and will scratch fluorite |
| The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water | Specific Gravity |
| How old is Earth? | 4.6 billion years |
| What did Earth look like in the Hadeon Eon? | Molten Earth |
| What did Earth look like at the end of the Proterozoic? | Snowball Earth |
| When was the Great Oxidation? | Archean 2.5-3.8 bya |
| When were the first multi-celled organisms created? | Proterozoic |
| When were the first shelled organisms created? | Cambrian 520 mya |
| The third largest extinction in Earth's history with two peak dying times | Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction |
| Resulted in Major ecological restructuring with particular emphasis on reef systems, wiped out 3/4 of all species | Devonian Mass Extinction |
| "The Great Dying" 95% of all life went extinct and reptiles were dominant life form | Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction |
| When were the first reptiles? | Paleozoic, Pennsylvanian |
| During the final 18 million years of the Triassic period, there were two to three phases of extinction whose combined effect created mass extinction event. Climate change, flood, basalt eruptions, and an asteroid impact have all been blamed for the loss. | Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction |
| When were the first dinosaurs? | Triassic, 230 mya |
| K/T extinction, famed for the death of dinosaurs, but also included ammonites, flowering plants, and last of the pterosaurs. | Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction |
| When was the last Ice Age? | Pleistocene 11,500 years ago |
| What are the Eon's in order from oldest to most recent? | Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic |
| What are the eras in order from oldest to most recent? | Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
| What are the periods from oldest to most recent? | Cambrian, Odovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permain, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quaternary |
| What are the Epochs from oldest to most recent? | Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene |
| What are the three types of galaxies? | Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular |
| Who described galaxies by their shape? | Hubble |
| What is the order of the planets in our solar system? | Mecury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
| A region of the solar system beginning just beyond the orbit of Neptune that contains many icy comets. | Kuiper Belt |
| A spherical shell around the solar system formed by comets with long orbital periods. | Oort Cloud |
| The dark lines we see in a spectrum correspond to certain wavelengths that are missing due to absorption by matter in the form of atoms/molecules. The dark line represents "absence of light" in a spectrum, not any particular wavelength of light. | Dark Line Spectra |
| The idea that all matter and energy in the universe began in an unimaginably dense state, and then space itself began expanding. | Big Bang Theory |
| Intrinsic variable which pulsate in a predictable way. Their period is directly related to its luminosity or brightness. For example, if two have the same period but one is fainter than the other, then taht one must be farther away. | Cepheid Variable Stars |
| The apparent change in position of an object when you look at it from different places. | Parallax |
| A region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape. | Black Hole |
| Changes in Earth's orbit and orientation to the sun. | Milankovitch Cycles |
| Earth's Orbit being more elongated or circular around the sun | Eccentricity |
| The angle that a planet's axis is tilted from vertical. Right now Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees. The greater the tilt, the more solar energy the poles receive. | Axial Tilt |
| Wobble in Earth's rotational axis | Precession |
| The brightness fo a star as seen from Earth (1 brightest, 6 dimmest) | Apparent Magnitude |
| A graph relating the surface temperatures and absolute brightness of stars | Hertzspring-Russel Diagram |
| Color of a cool star | Red |
| Color of a hot star | Blue |
| Order of spectral classes for starts (Hottest to Coldest) | O, B, A, F, G, K, M |
| A cloud of dust and gases collapse under the force of gravity and create a Protostar. Pressure causes nuclear fusion to begin. | Star Formation |
| The orbit of each planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. | Kepler's First Law |
| As a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times. | Kepler's Second Law |
| The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit | Kepler's Third Law |
| A small body of matter from outer space that enters the Earth's atmosphere, becoming incandescent as a result of friction and appearing as a streak of light | Meteor |
| A relatively small, rocky body that travels through space | Meteoroid |
| A meteoroid that passes through the atmosphere and hits Earth's surface | Meteorite |
| Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, collisions of asteroids, comets | Origin of Meteoroids |
| Why are comets referred to as dirty snowballs? | consist of ice, rocky debris, and frozen gases |
| The apparent motion of the planets when they appear to move backwards with respect to the stars from the direction that they move ordinarily | Retrograde Motion |
| 1473-1543 Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. First to propose that the apparent retrograde motion best explain with heliocentrism. | Copernicus |
| Defined the laws fo motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe. One of the first people to make a reflecting telescope. | Isaac Newton |
| An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. | Newton's First Law |
| Force = mass x acceleration | Newton's Second Law |
| For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction | Newton's Third Law |
| Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars. Obeserved the moon, phases of Venus, moons around Jupiter, sunspots, and countless stars make up the Milky Way. | Galileo |
| Influenced by Copernicus, built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years. His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of data. Discovered new star in Cassiopeia. | Tycho Brahe |
| This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun. | Kepler |
| Occurs when the Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow over part of Earth. *Can only happen during a New Moon | Solar Eclipse |
| The blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when Earth is directly between the Sun and Moon. *Can only happen during a Full Moon. | Lunar Eclipse |
| The tilt of Earth's axis causes sunlight to fall differently on Earth at different times of the year | Cause of Seasons |
| An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving. | Doppler Effect |
| Elemental Composition of the Universe | Hydrogen and Helium |
| Electromagnetic radiation that has been travelling through space ever since it was created shortly after the big bang | Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation |
| Shift of light to a longer wavelength as it moves away | Redshift |
| A doppler shift in which spectral features are shifted to shorter wavelengths, observed when an object is moving toward the observer | Blueshift |
| Matter that does not give off electromagnetic radiation but is quite abundant in the universe | Dark Matter |
| After hydrogen in the star's core is exhausted, the star can fuse helium to form progressively heavier elements, until ____ and nickel are formed. | Iron Formation |
| A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity | Galaxy |
| The diagonal area on an H-R diagram that includes more than 90 percent of all stars. Stars fusing Hydrogen into Helium. | Main Sequence |
| A large cloud of gas and dust in space | Nebula |
| A contracting cloud of gas and dust with enough mass to form a star. | Protostar |
| A gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses and throws its outer layers into space. Last evolutionary stages of massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion | Supernova |
| Why do stars with great mass tend to die fast? | They consume their fuel more rapidly |
| A small, hot, dim star that is the leftover center of an old star | White Dwarf |
| An object that orbits the sun and is spherical, but has not cleared the area of its orbit | Dwarf Planet |
| What is the Structure of the Moon? | Crust, Mantle, Core |
| What are characteristics of the Moon? | Terrestrial, Has Craters, Past Volcanism |
| Core, Radioactive Zone, Connective Zone, Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona | Layers of the Sun |
| Dark, flat areas on the moon's surface formed from huge ancient basaltic lava flows | Maria |
| Areas of gas on the sun's surface that are cooler than the gasses around them. | Sunspots |
| A loop of gas that protrudes from the sun's surface, linking parts of sunspot regions. | Prominence |
| Reactions happen between hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3. Huge amount of energy is released. This energy passes from Sun as radiation and brings light and heat to Earth. | Nuclear Fusion |
| Hydrogen in the Sun (%) | 71 |
| Helium in the Sun (%) | 27 |
| A stream of electrically charged particles produced by the sun's corona | Solar Wind |
| Electric currents inside the sun generate a magnetic field that spreads throughout our solar system | Sun's Magnetic Field |
| A scientific theory that explains how the Moon was formed | Giant Impact Theory |
| Solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. A spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light elements flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets. | Nebular Hypothesis |
| The closest planet to the sun, very cold on one side and very hot on the other, smallest planet, and no moons. Terrestrial, heavily cratered, fastest planet. | Mercury |
| 2nd planet from the sun, has dense atmosphere and known to rain acid w/ high temps and a surface with craters, fault like cracks, volcanoes, and sometimes called Earth's twin. Hottest planet, short years and long days | Venus |
| 3rd planet from sun, has atmosphere that protects life and surface temps that allow water to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas | Earth |
| 4th planet from sun, 1 day is 24hrs, 1 year is 687 days, Terrestrial and rocky, thin atmosphere, red color from rusty iron minerals that have oxidized | Mars |
| 5th planet from sun, has most moons, largest planet, gas giant, has large red spot, mostly hydrogen and helium, largest magnetic field | Jupiter |
| 6th planet from the sun, rings made mostly of ice and frosted rock, gas giant made mostly of hydrogen | Saturn |
| 7th planet from sun, rotates on its side, blue green color, methane and gas giant, has rings | Uranus |
| 8th planet, furthest from sun, first planet to be located solely through math, similar to Uranus | Neptune |
| One of Jupiter's moons, have active vocanism | Lo |
| The law that says ever object in the universe attracts every other object, and that the force is affected by mass and distance. The greater the mass of an object, the greater the attraction, the farther apart the objects, the weaker the attraction. | Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation |
| An eruption of gas from the sun's surface that occurs when the loops in sunspot regions suddenly connect | Solar Flare |
| Why are there more impact craters on the Moon than on Earth? | Erosion and Crustal movements |
| The part of a shadow surrounding the darkest part | Penumbra |
| The darkest part of a shadow | Umbra |
| A tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is the least difference between high and low water. Occurs when the sun and moon are at right angles. High tides are lower and low tides are higher than average. Lowest tidal range | Neap Tide |
| When the tidal range is greatest, full and new moon | Spring Tide |
| Moon Phase when Moon is between Earth and the Sun, at which point the Moon cannot be seen because it's lighted half is facing the Sun and it's dark side faces Earth | New Moon |
| A phase of the moon lit up with a crescent on the right | Waxing Crescent |
| Moon phase where moon is waxing and 1/4 of the moon can be seen | First Quarter |
| A phase where almost all of the moon is lit up from right to left | Waxing Gibbous |
| Entire side of the moon facing Earth is illuminated | Full Moon |
| A phase where all the moon is lit up, except for a small bit on the right side | Waning Gibbous |
| Half of the moon is covered, light is on the LEFT | Last Quarter |
| Moon phase that comes after a third quarter moon and before new moon, less than half of the moon is lit up on the left side | Waning Crescent |
| Orbital point nearest the sun | Perihelion |
| Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator | Solstice |
| Orbital point furthest from the sun | Aphelion |
| The two days of the year on which neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun | Equinox |
| Equal amounts of day and night hours on March 21/22 | Spring Solstice |
| The equinox in fall, Sept. 22 in Northern Hemisphere, and March 20th in Southern Hemisphere | Autumnal Equinox |
| Day with the most hours of sunlight and the fewest hours of darkness. June 21 in Northern Hemisphere | Summer Solstice |
| December 22, when Sun is at Southernmost point | Winter Solstice |
| T/F, summer/winter seasons result from one hemisphere being significantly closer to or farther away from the sun as a result of Earth's tilt | False |
| 23 hours and 56 minutes | Sidereal Day |
| Direction that planets rotate around the sun (Excluding Uranus) | Counter-Clockwise |
| Earth's Rotational Time | 24 hours |
| Earth's Orbital Time | 365 1/4 Days |
| When latitude of a region increases | temperature cools |
| When latitude of a region decreases | temperature increases |
| Like a conveyor belt, transporting warm water and precipitation form the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back toward the tropics | Ocean's Current on Climate |
| Before/After: Weather is precipitation, often storms, possibly severe, cold front related | Before |
| Before/After: Weather is change in wind direction, drop in temperatures, clearing of skies, cold front related | After |
| Before/After: Weather is light precip., often wintery mix, warm-front related | Before |
| Before/After: Weather is clear skies, increase in temperature, warm-front related | After |
| Why do weather systems generally move across the US from West to East? | Jet Stream |
| How do fronts form? | When to masses of air, one denser, comes towards the other, wind causes air masses to move. |
| Air flow direction in a low pressure system | Counter-Clockwise |
| Air flow in a high pressure system | Clockwise |
| Humid, Precipitation, Cloudy, Warm | Low Pressure System |
| Winds circulate clockwise, calm, clear skies, winds flow out of the pressure system | High Pressure System |
| The temperature at which condensation begins | Dewpoint |
| What causes tides? | Gravitational pull of the moon and sun |
| Why do waves form? | Wind, friction between wind and surface water |
| the wave is being slowed down against the sea bottom (friction), while the top of the wave rushes ahead. The wave crest begins to lean more and more forward until it topples over, and breaks onto the shore. | Wave Breaking |
| sediment derived from the land and transported to the ocean by wind and flowing water | Terrigenous sediment |
| Sediments fo the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean | Pelagic Sediment |
| Seafloor sediment consisting of minerals crystallize from seawater | Hydrogrenous Sediment |
| The periodic changes in winds and ocean currents, causing cooler and wetter conditions in the southeastern United States and unusually dry weather in southern Africa and Southeast Asia (Warning) | El Nino-Southern Oscillation |
| A cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other weather patterns (cooling) | La Nina |
| A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid | Salinity |
| How do oceanographers explain the difference in salinity of ocean water in different locations? | the higher the evaporation rate, the higher the salinity |
| How does the temperature of seawater vary with depth? | Decreases, more gradually after 1000m |
| Snow remains in the same area year round, where enough snow accumulates to transform ice. They must be accumulating more snow than they lose from melting. | Glacier Formation |
| Channel shape and roughness. Generally, a narrower, more circular channel allows faster flow of water, while broad and flat channels tend to slow a river down. | Stream Velocity Influence |
| Ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it | Permeability |
| Youthful Stage of a River | Upper |
| Mature Stage of a river | middle |
| old stage of a river | lower |
| Climate affect when a volcanic eruption releases CO2 | Warming |
| Climate affect when a volcanic eruption releases Sulfur Dioxide | Cooling |
| method for studying climate change by drilling cores in ice caps and glaciers that have build up over thousands of years | Ice Cores |
| The process of determining the age of a tree or wood in a structure by counting the number of annual growth rings | Dendrochronology |
| Core samples taken from lake beds or other water sources for analysis of their pollen | Sediment Cores |
| A plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region | Climograph |
| A cold ocean current that flows north along the Pacific coast of South America before turning west | Humboldt Current |
| The current from the South that brings warm water on the coast of North Carolina | Gulf Stream Current |
| Side of a mountain that is wetter, West side | Windward |
| Side of a mountain that is drier, East side | Leeward |
| Strong currents of rising air, known as updrafts, carry water droplets high enough in a thunderstorm for the water droplets to freeze | Hail Formation |
| When water vapor in the air condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals | Cloud Formation |
| Thunderstorm clouds, high winds can flatten the top into an anvil shape, associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning and even tornadoes. Anvil points with direction of storm. | Cumulonimbus Clouds |
| Look like flat blankets and are usually lowest clouds in the sky | Stratus Clouds |
| Wispy, feathery clouds made of ice crystals that form at high levels | Cirrus Clouds |
| Fluffy, white clouds, usually with flat bottoms that look like rounded piles of cotton | Cumulus Clouds |
| Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half of the year, and blew away from India for the other half. helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean. | Monsoon |
| Winds that occur during the day when warm air rises up slopes | Valley Breeze |
| Winds that occur at night when cool, dense air sinks from mountain tops into the valley. | Mountain Breeze |
| Wind onshore that occurs during the day when warm air rises over land, pulling cooler air from the water | Sea Breeze |
| Wind offshore that occurs at night when land cools faster, sending cooler air toward the warmer ocean | Land Breeze |
| The amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature | Relative Humidity |
| The mass of water vapor contained in a certain volume of air | Absolute Humidity |
| Causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and turn right in the northern hemisphere due to Earth's rotation | Coriolos Effect |
| A system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns | Hadley Cell |
| A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells. | Ferrel Cell |
| Cells of air circulation occuring between 60 degrees north and south and each pole | Polar Cell |
| Warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere | Greenhouse Effect |
| Gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Water Vapor, and Ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect. | Greenhouse Gasses |
| The balance between the amount of energy coming in from the sun and going back out into space | Earth's Energy Budget |
| The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that is touching | Conduction |
| The transfer of heat by the movement of fluid | Convection |
| Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles | Radiation |
| Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere | Atmospheric Layers |
| A layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun | Ozone Layer |
| The breaking down of rocks and other materials on Earth's surface | Weathering |
| The change in state from a liquid to a gas, Cooling/Endothermic | Evaporation |
| The change in state from a gas to a liquid, Warming/Exothermic | Condensation |
| Process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use | Nitrogen Fixation |
| Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant | Transpiration |
| Takes O2 from the atmosphere and replaces it with CO2 | Respiration |
| Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars | Photosynthesis |
| The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again | Carbon Cycle |
| 1. Establish floating wetlands to uptake excess nutrients 2. Treating the lake with a product that binds with phosphate 3. Using physical barriers along the field edges to slow and filter runoff | Strategies to Reduce Algal Blooms |
| What gas is most likely to be directly affected by widespread deforestation? | CO2 |
| amount of Argon in Atmosphere | .9% |
| amount of other gases in Atmosphere | .1% |
| Amount of nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere | 78% |
| amount of oxygen in earth's atmosphere | 21% |
| A fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underground adn erupts at regular intervals | Geyser |
| A lake with high salinity due to high rates of evaporation and no outlets for the water, forms in desert regions | Salt Lake |
| Spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from Earth's interior into the water | Hydrothermal Vents |
| Why can water dissolve many salts? | Polar Molecules |
| Dissolved oxygen and CO2 are vital for marine life. Marine plants use dissolved CO2, sunlight, and water to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis. | Gas Exchange in the Ocean |
| Warming Oceans, Melting Ice adding to water in ocean, influx of fresh water, lowered salinity | Sea Level Rise |
| What is the largest source of biogenic sediment on the ocean floor? | Hard Parts of Marine Organisms |
| A habitat in which fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. | Estuary |
| An island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon | Atoll |
| A chain of volcanic islands generally located a few hundred kilometers from a trench where there is active subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another | Volcanic Island Arc |
| A long ridge of sand or narrow island that lies parallel to the shore | Barrier Island |
| A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance | Tsunami |
| Impermeable beds of geologic material that hinder or prevent groundwater movement | Aquiclude |
| An area from which the groundwater has been rapidly withdrawn | Cone of Depression |
| The gradual disappearance of cliffs, beaches, etc. as a result of the action of the sea | Coastal Erosion |
| When the sea loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying | Coastal Deposition |
| The movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to the shore at an angle | Longshore Drift |
| A tidal cycle of one high tide an done low tide per day | Diurnal Tide |
| Having two high tides and two low tides each day | Semi-Diurnal Tide |
| A gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent | Continental Shelf |
| A large, flat, almost level area of the deep-ocean basin | Abyssal Plain |
| An underwater mountain chain where new ocean floor is formed | Mid-Ocean Ridge |
| An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water | Thermohaline Circulation |
| Sound navigation and ranging, sound propagation to navigate/detect objects | SONAR |
| If an ocean wave has an amplitude of 4m, a wavelength of 80m, and a period of 8sec, what is its speed? | 10 m/zs |
| Blue and green penetrate the farthest giving oceans their color (because they have a lot of energy) | Light Penetration of the Ocean |
| Ability of a surface to reflect light | Albedo |
| Frozen water on the Earth | Cryosphere |
| Global cooling trend of the last 50-60 million years, cycles driven by variation in Earth's orbit around the Sun through time, results in different amount and distribution of solar energy. Variations affect growth and melting of ice sheets. | Glacial-Interglacial Cycles |
| Ground that is permanently frozen | Permafrost |
| A glacier that forms in the mountains | Alpine Glacier |
| An infiltration of salt water in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells | Saltwater Intrusion |
| A barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water | Dams |
| A wall of Earth built to prevent a river from flooding its banks | Levee |
| Holes dug or drilled deep into the ground to reach a reservoir of groundwater | Wells |
| A large surface crater caused by the collapse of an underground channel or cavern, often triggered by groundwater withdrawal | Sinkholes |
| The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces | Porosity |
| The downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity | Percolation |
| A flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the ground surface | Spring |
| A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater | Aquifer |
| Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers | Groundwater |
| White/Grey/Cream colored soil layer that has been cemented by carbonates of calcium and magnesium. (potential evapotranspiration is greater than precipitation) | Caliche Zone |
| Landfill leachate, industrial eflluent, agricultural chemicals | Causes of Pollution in Surface and Groundwater |
| Intrusion of salt water into the aquifer | overuse of groundwater in coastal areas |
| Sodium in Seawater | 30% |
| Chlorine in Seawater | 55% |
| Sulfate in Seawater | 7% |
| Magnesium in Seawater | 4% |
| Calcium and Potassium, other in Seawater | <2% |
| Water on earth in Oceans | 97% |
| Freshwater on Earth | 3% |
| Freshwater in Glaciers | 69% |
| Freshwater Underground | 30% |
| Freshwater in Lakes, River, Swamps, etc. | 1% |
| Natural process that describes how a stream or river channel moves over time | Channel Migration |
| The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back | Water Cycle |
| The change of state from a liquid to a gas | Vaporization |
| The process in which a solid changes directly into a gas | Sublimation |
| Gas to a Solid | Deposition |
| The amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas, large amount of heat is needed to vaporize liquid | High Heat of Vaporization |
| A property of water. Water can absorb lots of heat before changing temperature. | High Specific Heat |
| A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. Water is an excellent solvent because of its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds. | Solvent |
| Ice floats because it is less dense than water | Density of Ice |
| The intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule | Hydrogen Bonding |
| Using recovered fossils, paleontologists have reconstructed examples of radical evolutionary transitions in form and function | Fossil Record |
| A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil on the basis of the amount of radioactive element it contains. | Radioactive Dating |
| The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation. | Lithification |
| Shale --> Slate --> Phyllite --> Schist --> Gneiss | Gneiss Formation |
| Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color | Felsic |
| Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color | Mafic |
| Igneous rock composed mainly of iron and magnesium-rich minerals | Ultramafic |
| Rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth's surface | Extrusive Igneous Rock |
| Rock fromed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth's surface | Intrusive Igneous Rock |
| Obsidian, Pumice, Basalt | Extrusive Igneous Rock |
| Granite, Diorite, Gabbro | Intrusive Igenous Rock |
| A test run to find a mineral's powder color, or a mineral's true color | Streak Test |
| Looking at the way a rock breaks, the number of ways a rock breaks along smooth surfaces | Cleavage Test |
| How easily a mineral can be scratched | Hardness Test |
| Ratio of a mineral's weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water | Specific Gravity |
| The way a ineral reflects light | Luster |
| Dating of rocks based on shifts in the Earth's magnetic field, relative dating method | Palemagnetism |
| The extremely hot and dense center of the Earth, which is believed to be composed of iron and nickel (solid) | Earth's Core |
| The part of the Earth between the core and the crust, about 2,900km thick and makes up 80% of Earth's total volume. Made of magma and rock. | Earth's Mantle |
| Solid, flexible outer layer of mantle, beneath the lithosphere | Asthenosphere |
| Earth's outermost layer of rock made up of both dry land an ocean floor | Earth's Crust |
| Travel through solids only, cause rock to move in a side-to-side motion or up and down, slower waves | S Waves (Secondary) |
| Travel through liquids and solids, push and pull, faster, arrive first | P Waves (Primary) |
| The point of initial movement of earthquake | Focus |
| Point on surface directly above the focus of an earthquake | Epicenter |
| An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust | Anticline |
| A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth's crust | Syncline |
| Anticlines and Synclines are related to _____ | Mountain Ranges |
| Results from upward-acting pressure that produces an uplifted portion of the crust that dips downward on all sides | Dome |
| A low place in the surface of the land, usually with a body of water occupying the lowest part | Basin |
| Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks (Convergence) | Compression |
| Force directed parallel to a surface (transform) | Shear |
| Left side of boundary moves toward you, right side away | Left-Lateral Shear |
| Left side of boundary moves away from you, right side toward you | Right-Lateral Shear |
| The stress produced by two tectonic plates moving apart (divergence) | Tensional Stress |
| Formed by the movement of tectonic plates whenever plates are moving apart/toward each other | Volcano Formation |
| Earthquakes at divergent plate boundaries | Shallow Earthquakes |
| Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries | Deeper Earthquakes |
| What causes the motion of tectonic plates? | Convection in the Mantle |
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