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Chapter 13
Learners with low-incidence, multiple, and severe disabilities
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Injury to the brain including conditions present at birth, birth trauma, or degenerative disease resulting in total or partial disability or psychosocial maladjustment that affects educational performance. |
| Open Head Injury | A brain injury in which there is an open wound in the head, such as a gun shot, or penetration of the head by an object. |
| Closed Head injury | Damage to the brain that occurs within penetration of the skull. |
| Moto-speech disorders | Loss or impairment of the ability to understand or formulate language because or accidents or illness. |
| Behavior modification | Systematic control of environmental events, especially of consequences, to produce specific changes in observable responses. |
| Behavior management | Strategies and techniques used to increase desirable behavioral and decrease undesirable behavioral. |
| Charge syndrome | A genetic syndrome resulting in deaf-blindness. |
| Coloboma | A condition of the eye in which the pupil is abnormally shaped and/or there are abnormalities of the retina or optic nerve. |
| Usher syndrome | An inherited syndrome resulting in hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa, a progressive condition characterized by problems seeing in low light and tunnel vision. |
| Retinitis pigmentosa | A hereditary condition resulting in degeneration of the retina; causing a narrowing of the field of vision and affects night vision. |
| Night blindness | A condition characterized by problems in seeing at low levels of illumination. |
| Tunnel vision | A condition characterized by problems in peripheral vision, or a narrowing of the field of vision. |
| Prenatal | The time before birth. |
| Rubella | A serious viral disease which, if it occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, it is likely to cause a deformity in the fetus. |
| Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) | The most frequently occurring viral infection in newborns; can result in hearing impairment. |
| Postnatal | The time after birth. |
| Meningitis | A bacterial or viral infection of the linings of the brain or spinal cord; can cause number of disabilities. |
| Protractile ASL (PTASL) | An evolving language withing the deaf-blind community. |
| Braille | A system in which raised dots allow people who are blind to read with their fingertips. |
| Touch cues | Tactual signals used to communicate with persons who are deaf-blind. |
| Adapted signs | Using sign language in such a way as to help those who have visual impairments communicate such as holding the hands of the individuals while guiding the individual to sign. |
| Orientation and mobility (O&M) | The ability to have a sense of where one is in relation to other people, objects, and landmarks and to move through the environment. |
| Assistance cards | A relatively small card containing a message that alerts the public that the user is deaf-blind and needs assistance in crossing the street. |
| Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) | Alternative forms of communication that do not use the oral sounds of speech or that augment the use of speech. |
| Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) | Evaluation that consists of finding out the consequences antecedents and setting events that maintain inappropriate behaviors. |
| Positive behavioral support (PBS) | Positive reinforcement produces intended support a student's appropriate or desirable behavior. |
| Self-stimulation | Any repetitive, stereotyped activity that seems only to provide sensory feedback. |
| Self-injurious behavior (SIB) | Behavior causing injury or mutilation of oneself, such as self-biting or head-banging. |
| Positive behavioral intervention and support (PBIS) | Systematic use of science of behavior to find ways to supporting desirable behavior rather than punishing the undesirable behavior. |
| Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) | A special unit in a hospital designed to provide around-the-clock monitoring and care of newborns who have severe physical problems. |
| Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) | Educational methods for young children that are compatible with their developmental levels and that meet their individual needs. |
| Sheltered workshop | A facility that provides a structed environment for people with disabilities in which they can learn skills. |
| Competitive employment | A workplace that provides employment that pays at least minimum wage and in which most employees do not have disabilities. |
| Self-determination | Having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life. |
| Person-centered plans | A method of planning for people with disabilities that places the person and the persons family at the center of the planning process. |
| Natural supports | Resources in persons environment that can be used for support, such as friends, family, and co-workers. |
| Job coach | A person who assists adult workers with disabilities, providing vocational assessment, instruction, overall planning, and interaction assistance with employers, family, and government and service agencies. |
| Daily living skills | Skills required for living independently, such as dressing, toileting, bathing, cooking, and other typical daily activates of adults without disability. |
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