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HW - Ch 11D.2
Due: Thu Apr 9, 2026 11:59pm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hepatitis B | infectious bloodborne. liver tries to fight it off and then gets inflammation |
| HIV | virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS |
| HIV positive | infected with the virus |
| HAV (hepatitis A virus) | does not lead to chronic infection, can be transmitted by fecal ingestion, close person-person contact, or contaminated food and drinks. once you have HAV, you cannot get it again. |
| HBV (hepatitis B virus) | occurs when blood or bodily fluids from an infected person enter the body of a person who is not immune. contact with infectious semen, sharing contaminated needles, infected birth parent to newborn. dried blood can remain active for several days. |
| HCV (hepatitis C virus) | contact with blood of an infected person primarily through sharing contaminated needles to inject drugs |
| HDV (hepatitis D virus) | serious liver disease caused by the HDV and relies on HBV to replicate. you can get it by contact with blood, kinda the same as HBV is spread. There is no vaccine to prevent HDV and the recommendations are the same as HCV. |
| HEV (hepatitis E virus) | a serious liver disease. there is no vaccine so always wash hands after using the bathroom, changing a diaper and before preparing and eating food. avoid drinking water of unknown purity and avoid eating uncooked foods like shellfish. |
| TB (tuberculosis) | caused by a mycobacterium tuberculosis, an airborne pathogen. requires special PPE |
| ART (antiretroviral therapy) | reduces the amount of HIV in the body |
| major symptoms of HIV | flu like illness, swollen lymph nodes, persistent fevers, night sweats, prolonged diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, purple bumps on skin or inside mouth and nose, chronic fatigue, and recurrent respiratory infections |
| treatment for HIV | there is no cure, however, a healthy lifestyle and keeping immune system strong and healthy can help with HIV. medications are also available for HIV-infected pregnant persons to greatly reduce the chance of passing infection to newborn |
| prevention of HIV | always use latex condoms (if allergic use polyurethane or other synthetic material, don't share needles, razors, toothbrushes or body piercings, limit sex partners, and stay cautious. |
| Latent TB infection | this condition is present when TB bacteria live in the body without making the person sick. most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria and stop them from growing. |
| TB disease | TB bacteria become active if the immune system cannot stop them from growing. Some people may become sick years letter when their immune system has weakened. |
| Latent TB infection | has no symptoms, doesn't feel sick, cannot spread TB bacteria to others, usually has a skin test or blood tests results indicating TB infection. Has a normal chest x-ray and a negative sputum smear, needs treatment for TB infection preventing disease |
| TB disease | bad cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, pain in the chest, coughing blood or sputum, weakness and fatigue, weight loss, no appetite, chills, fever and sweating at night. usually feels sick, may spread TB bacteria to others, needs treatment to treat TB diseas |
| MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) | most frequently seen in health care facilities who have weakened their immune systems. This is called HA-MRSA (health care-associated or acquired MRSA) |
| MRSA outside of healthcare facility | CA-MRSA (community-associated or acquired MRSA) develops outside of healthcare facility in healthy people |
| NOTE MRSA: | a type of staph that is resistant to certain antibiotics, such as methicillin, oxacillin, penicillin and amoxicillin |
| source/route of transmission: | S. aureus bacteria are commonly carried on the skin or in the nose of health people. |
| symptoms of HA-MRSA: | varies with the location of infection (skin, surgical wound, bloodstream, urinary tract, pneumonia). usually manifested in skin infections such as pimples, boils and can be red, swollen, painful or have pus or other drainage. |
| to prevent HA-MRSA: | keep hands clean by washing thoroughly, practice general good hygiene, keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandaid until healed, avoid contact with other people's wounds or bandaids, and avoid sharing personal items |
| diagnosis of MRSA | done by culture which can take 2-3 days |
| VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci) | among the most common type acquired by hospitalized patients, almost always by patients who are already ill |
| note for vancomycin | its an antibiotic that is often used to treat infections caused by enterococci. When enterococci become resistant to this drug, it is called VRE |
| route of transmission for enterococci | normally present in the human intestines, in the vagina, and are often found in the environment. VRE can also live here without causing disease (called colonization), sometimes it can cause infections of the urinary tract, the bloodstream or wounds |
| source of transmission for enterococci | it is transmitted from person to person by the hands of caregivers or after contact with contaminated surfaces |
| major symptoms of enterococci | varies with location |
| prevention of enterococci | handwashing, keeping surfaces clean, wearing gloves, maintaining standard precautions in caring for patients with VRE |
| actions to be taken immediately if exposed | washing the exposed area immediately with warm soap and water, or if the eye mucous membranes are involved, rising with normal saline or warm water at an eye wash station, tell a supervisor and get a blood test done |
| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) | caused by the bloodborne virus, HIV, and is transmitted by vaginal, oral and anal sex, sharings needles, body piercing or tattooing, contaminated blood, and infected birthing parent to newborn |
| NOTE for AIDS: | it is not transmitted by shaking hands, social kisses, utensils, animals, hugging, swimming pools, toilet seats, food, insects or coughing |
| major symptoms for aids | flu-like illness, swollen lymph nodes, persistent fevers, night sweats, prolonged diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, purple bumps on skin, chronic fatigue, and recurrent respiratory infections. |
| another NOTE for AIDS major symptoms: | these symptoms are not specific for HIV and may have other causes. Most people with HIV have no symptoms for several years |
| treatment for AIDS | there is no preventative cure, early diagnosis and treatment can extend life for years, keep immune system strong, antiviral drugs slow cell processes, medications are available for HIV-infected pregnant persons. |
| prevention for AIDS | basically the same as HIV, don't share personal items, use condoms, limit sex partners, and follow standard precautions as a healthcare worker. |
| other infectious diseases | ebola, bird flu, mad cow disease, and swine flu |
| Ebola | is a severe, often fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by orthoebolaviruses, primarily transmitted to humans from infected wild animals (fruit bats, monkeys) and through direct contact with body fluids of infected people. |
| Ebola symptoms | Symptoms include sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, |
| Ebola prevention | avoiding contact with infected bodily fluids, contaminated materials, and infected animals, alongside using vaccines like Ervebo |
| Ebola treatment | Treatment involves early supportive care—IV fluids, blood pressure support, and symptom management—and FDA-approved monoclonal antibody therapies |
| Bird Flu | is a viral infection mainly affecting birds, caused by influenza A viruses, impacting poultry and mammals. While rare in humans, infections can occur, resulting in symptoms ranging from conjunctivitis and mild respiratory issues to severe pneumonia |
| Bird Flu symptoms | Common symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, and headache |
| Bird Flu prevention | Prevention focuses on avoiding direct contact with wild birds, sick livestock, and contaminated surfaces, using proper PPE, and thoroughly cooking poultry and eggs. |
| Bird Flu treatment | in humans is treated with antiviral drugs like oseltamivir (Tamiflu), which are most effective when started early, ideally within 48 hours of symptom onset. |
| Mad Cow Disease | is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease in cattle caused by misfolded prions, often transmitted through contaminated feed. It causes cattle to exhibit behavioral changes, tremors, and severe incoordination. |
| Mad Cow Disease symptoms | Early symptoms typically include severe psychiatric issues (depression, anxiety, withdrawal) and persistent pain, followed by dementia, muscle spasms (myoclonus), loss of coordination, and eventually coma |
| Mad Cow Disease prevention | prevention relies entirely on banning infected materials in animal feed, removing high-risk tissues (brain/spinal cord) from the food supply, and strict surveillance. |
| Mad Cow Disease treatment | there is no treatment or cure |
| Swine Flu | a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses, which can occasionally infect humans. It is transmitted via close contact with infected pigs or respiratory droplets, and is treated with rest, fluids, and antiviral drugs. |
| Swine Flu symptoms | which can occasionally infect humans. Symptoms in humans include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue, similar to seasonal flu. |
| Swine Flu prevention | annual influenza vaccination, regular handwashing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals or pigs |
| Swine Flu treatment | Treatment focuses on symptom relief (rest, fluids, fever reducers) and antiviral drugs like Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or Zanamivir (Relenza), which work best within 48 hours of symptom onset |
| HIV proven transmit | blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk have been proven to transmit the virus |
| HBV can be spread through | parenteral: blood transfusion, needle sharing w/ drug users, or other sharp instruments, blood contamination of the eye or mouth, sexual contact, and perinatal: infected mother to newborn. |
| stap infections | Staph infections are caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which commonly live on the skin or in the nose, entering the body through cuts, rashes, or, in severe cases, the bloodstream. |
| virus | Viral infections are caused by germs that invade living cells, using them to multiply and spread, resulting in illnesses like colds, influenza, and COVID-19. |
| prions | Prion infections are rare, fatal, and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolded proteins (prions) that cause normal brain proteins to malfunction, forming deadly amyloid deposits |
| viral infections | Viral infections are illnesses caused by viruses—tiny germs that hijack cells to multiply, damaging healthy tissue. Common examples include colds, influenza, COVID-19, and norovirus. |
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