Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Exam III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lymphatic system | system of vessels, cells, & organ |
| Lymphatic system | carry excess bodily fluid to bloodstream |
| Lymph | interstitial (tissue) fluid that drains to bloodstream via series of blood vessels, trunks, & ducts |
| Lymphatic vessels | avenues for immune system cells-transport |
| Lymphatic vessels | open-ended capillaries to feed into larger lymphatic vessels; have destinations |
| Lymphatic vessels | contain valves for one-way movement; most go into left part of body to the heart |
| Lymph nodes | small & bean-shaped what stages for immune system response-development, & mediated by T, B, & accessory cells |
| Lymph nodes | remove debris & pathogens; "filter" |
| Afferent & Efferent lymphatic vessels | slow down the lymph's speed by causing a drought |
| Efferent lymphatic vessels | 2-3 taking lymph out away lymph node |
| Afferent lymphatic vessels | 3-5 nodes bringing in lymph |
| T cells | mature in thymus |
| B cells | mature in bone marrow |
| T & B cells | enable cells to attack pathogens w/o harming body cells |
| Macrophages | phagocytize foreign substances |
| Dendritic cells | capture antigens & deliver to lymph nodes & help activate T-cells |
| T cells | found in space between sternum & aorta; prominent in kids & small in adult |
| Fibroblast | main composition of lymphoid tissue structure |
| Fibroblast | for reticular fiber to compose the medulla through a mesh where the WBC would sit |
| Medulla | slow down the lymph's speed to allow lymphocytes to examine antigens |
| Spleen | 2nd major organ of lymphatic system |
| Connective tissue | surrounds spleen |
| Red pulp | area of RBC |
| White pulp | area of WBC (non-specific immune responses); ex: macrophages |
| Lymphoid Nodules | denser cluster of lymphocytes w/o a surrounding fibrous capsule |
| Lymphoid Nodules | in respiratory & digestive tracts; exposed to environmental pathogens |
| Lymphoid nodules' forms | tonsils, mucosa, & bronchus |
| Tonsils | swell due to infection from many WBCs |
| Mucosa | associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) |
| Mucosa | in GI tract, breast tissue, lungs, & eyes |
| Peyer's patches | in small intestine; vital for immune response against ingested substances |
| Bronchus | associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) |
| Bronchus | effective against inhaled pathogens |
| barrier defenses | hair, skin, & mucous |
| Soluble Mediators | cytokine & interferon (secreted by any cell if infected by virus) |
| Not disjoint events | Innate & adaptive immune response |
| Innate Immune response | default, always on, no need to be trained, doesn't have memory, mainly for bacterial parasites, & cells are always ready (macrophages & eosinophils) |
| Innate hallmark | inflammation; alert more WBC, positive feedback, can overload (week-months), & chronic inflammation (body can't control (kidney/liver failure) |
| Adaptive Immune response | needs to be activated & trained (vaccines); cells not always ready; has memory |
| Adaptive Immune response | cells: lymphocytes & antigen-prevent cells (APC) |
| Lymphocytes | Natural Killer (NK) cells | induce apoptosis; send apoptotic signal to the cell |
| Natural Killer (NK) cells | its granules release perforins to open a channel in plasma membrane & granzymes that go in cell & induce apoptosis from inside |
| Antigen | either floating or attached to a cell |
| Primary adaptive | 1st exposure to a pathogen |
| Secondary adaptive | stronger & faster response |
| Adaptive response | self-recognition (can distinguish between self-antigens & foreign antigen) |
| T & B cells | activation in lymph nodes |
| CD4/T helper cells | help activate T cells |
| CD8/ Cytotoxic cells | kills infected cells |
| T regulatory cells | fine tune the immune response |
| classes of Antibodies | Igm, Igg, IgA, IgE, & IgD |
| IgM | primary response of antibody |
| Igg | most aggressive; can cross placenta; responsible for HDN |
| IgA | can go to body's surface via mucosa; can move to babies & give immunity from mom's infection |
| IgE | Allergies; ex: peanut butter |
| IgD | "B cell receptor"; not released but only fixed on B cells |
| Humoral immunity | B cells-release antibodies; non-contact in killing virus, use fluid |
| Cellular immunity | no antibodies, t cells interaction, and need antigen presenting cells (APC) to be shown to the non-self antigen |
| Antigen presenting cells | macrophages, b cells, & dendritic cells |
| Immunities | both need non-self antigens to be activated (ex: proteins & toxins) |
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) | a type of protein that usually carry antigens |
| MHC I | can be found in all nucleated cells |
| MHC II | only for APC and signal for non-attack/verification |
| MHC II | use cytokine (chemical messenger) to activate the APC |
| MHC II | intermediate between non-self & cells (such as helper T cell) |
| T cells activation | APC shows non-self antigen on its MHC II to T/CD4 cell; |
| T cells activation | CD4 cells verify between MHC II & non-self antigen, if both are connected, helper T cells calls; T/CD8 will check the non-self antigen on MHCI of APC, & CD8 will turn to Cytotoxic cell |
| Activated T/CD4 cell | can only be read under MHC I |
| Cytotoxic cell | search for non-self antigen on MHC I of the cells of the body. |
| B cells activation | humoral immunity & secrete antibodies |
| B cells activation primary response | detect non-self antigen; b cell will form clones, the clones will produce plasma cells & memory cells, & plasma cell produce antibodies |
| Active Humoral immunity | non-self is in the body | either natural acquired (inflection/flu) or artificially acquired (vaccines) |
| Passive Humoral immunity | non-self antigen doesn't enter the body; yet the body is immune } Naturally acquired (pregnancy & breastfeeding) or artificially acquired (cancer treatment & antibodies injection) |
| Immune system | destroy/neutralizes pathogens that would cause disease or death |
| Skin | dead, keratinized epithelium prevent bacterial |
| Sweat | may lower PH, contain toxic lipids, & physically wash microbes away |
| mucus | traps both microbes & debris & facilitates their removal |
| Innate Immune response | rapid but nonspecific |
| Innate Defenses | Mast cells & basophils (inflammatory response), NK cells, Complement system, & phagocytes |
| Adaptive immune response | slower but more effective |
| Cytoplasmic granules | help mediate immune response against parasites & intercellular pathogens such as viruses |
| Macrophages | wander through the tissues to engulf bacteria wherever they find them |
| Macrophages | can evolve to cooperate w/ lymphocytes as part of the adaptive immune response |
| Neutrophil | phagocytic attracted via chemotaxis from the bloodstream to infected tissues. |
| Neutrophil | its granules contain vasoactive mediators such as histamine |
| Monocyte | differentiates either macrophage or dendritic, which can rapidly attracted to areas of infections by inflammation |
| Chronic inflammation | can be caused by foreign bodies, persistent pathogens, & autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis |
| Cytokine | signals to allow cells to communication w/ each other over short distances (can be innate or adaptive) |
| Antigens | w/o it, there is no adaptive immune response |
| Antigens | used by lymphocytes to detect foreign cells entering the body |
| Antigens | have antigenic determinants that for antibody detection (several antibodies can bind) |
| T cells | can only recognize antigen with APCs |
| APCs | display antigens on MHC II |
| Adaptive Immune cells | B & T lymphocytes & APCs |
| Processes before activiation | development, maturation, & activation |
| Maturation | lymphocytes learn how to recognize self-antigen (self-tolerance) & foreign-antigen |
| Activation | lymphocytes recognize the foreign antigen & trigger the adaptive immune response |
| APCs | present antigens to lymphocytes; recognize foreign antigen, engulf them, & represent antigenic determinates on MHC-II class |
| T cells | induce cell mediated immune response |
| Regulatory T cells | regulate & suppress the immune response in order to go out of control & cause autoimmune disease |
| Cytotoxic cells | small number turn into memory cells and remained quiescent until a following recognition of the same antigen |
| Cytotoxic cells | target cancer, virus-infected, foreign (organ transplants & wrong blood fusion) & cells w/ parasites |
| Activated T cells | bind to MHC-I on APCs which will enable them to recognize the antigen; they search those display the same antigen & destroy them similarly to NK cells |
| Helper T cells | secrete cytokines that act to enhance other immune response; recognize antigens on MHC-II then release cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells |
| Activated Helper T cells | small number turn into memory cells until recognize the same antigen |
| B cells | can recognize native, unprocessed antigen & don't require the participation of MHC molecules & APCs |
| Antibodies | glycoproteins consisting of 2 types of polypeptide chains: heavy & light chain |
| light chains | form part of the antigen-binding sit on the antibody molecules |
| IgM | effective against bacteria at early stages of a primary antibody response |
| IgG | clears pathogens from the blood & can activate complement proteins; : Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response. |
| IgE | present in the lowest concentration in the blood |
| Plasma cells | B cell that's committed to produce a specific antibody against a specific antigen; short-life span |
| B cells activation | B cells sometimes need T helper cells to release cytokines to activate the B cell |
| B cells | receive signals from both its surface antibody & T cell via its cytokines |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that targets the helper T cells; use CD4 as the receptor to get inside cells |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | treatment consist of drugs that target virally encoded proteins that are necessary for viral replication but are absent from normal human cells |
| Autoimmune disease | immune cells lose their tolerance to self-cells & start to attack them |
| Autoimmune disease | treatment include steroids |
| Celiac disease | autoimmune disease that damage to small intestine |
| Lupus erythematosus | autoimmune disease that damage of many body systems |
| Myasthenia gravis | autoimmune disease the debilitate muscle weakness |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | chronic inflammation of joints |
| Hypersensitivity | sensitive beyond normal levels of activation |
| Hypersensitivity | immune system is ready to initiate a complex immune response w/ minimum response to antigens |
| Type 1 hypersensitivity | mast cells releasing histamine |
| Type 2 hypersensitivity | complement system & happens w/ mismatched blood transfusion |
| Type 3 hypersensitivity | antibody & antigen precipitate in blood vessels & cause inflammation |
| Type 4 hypersensitivty | delayed; T helper cells take extra time to activate cytotoxic T cells |
| Lymph nodes | 500-600 throughout the body, and commonly found near the groin, armpits, neck, chest, & abdomen |
| Lymphatic capillaries | interlaced among the arterioles & venules of the circulatory system; empty into larger lymphatic vessels |
| Lymphatic capillaries | permit excess tissue fluid along with dissolve protein molecules to leave the tissue spaces |
| Lymphoid cells | Lymphoid cells (WBC in lymph. tissue) & cells that form structure (mainly fibroblast) |
| Primary lymphoid organs | Bone marrow & Thymus gland |
| other secondary lymphoid organs | lymph nodes & nodules |
| Reduction in speed flow in lymphoid node | mesh of reticular fibers & different in afferent and efferent |
| Medulla | consists B & plasma cells |
| Cortex | consists lymphoid follicles while contains rapidly dividing B cells surrounded by a layer of T cells |
| Spleen | fragile w/o a strong capsule & its dark red due to its extensive vascularization; divide red & white pulp by trabeculae |
| red pulp | blood filtrate using cells of the relatively nonspecific immune response |
| white pulp | resembles the lymphoid follicles of the lymph nodes; where T & B cells responses are mounted |
| Lymphatic system | carry out immune response & transport dietary fats |
| Lymphatic capillaries | can take up larger molecules & particles that blood capillaries can't |
| Second line of defense | inflammatory response /innate |
| Third line of defense | Adaptive defense system |
| Interferons | a cytokine that's released by a virus-infected cell to alert the nearby health cells within hours |
| Fever | beneficial immune response: speeds the activities of leucocytes |
| T cells activations | requires Antigen binding & MHC recognition |
| Helper T cell | absence results in no immune response |
| Regulatory T cell | modulates (slows) the immune response |
| Capillary beds | area where lymphatic collecting vessels originate |
| lymphatic collecting vessels | direct lymph to the lymph nodes |
| Venous circulation | where lymph ultimately drains into |
| Thymus | primarily active during the early years of life |
| Spleen | harbors macrophages that ingest rbcs that have aged or damaged for later reuse |
| Mucosa associated Lymphoid tissue / Peyer's patches | destroy bacteria before they can breach the intestinal wall |
| Mucosa associated Lymphoid tissue | generate “memory” lymphocytes for long-term memory |
| Splenic artery | branches from celiac trunk |
| Spleen | immune surveillance and helps in rbc recycling |
| interferon | released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected |
| interferon | binds to membrane receptors in healthy cells and triggers a response inside the cell that leads to the production of chemicals that interfere with virus manufacture. |
| Opsonins | coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis |
| complement | inflammatory chemical that dilates local arterioles and makes local capillaries leakier |
| Histamine | produced by mast cells to moderate inflammation |
| antibodies | used to recognize antigens |
| Proliferation (rapid increase) | occurs after activation and binding of an antigen |
| Neutralization | humoral response that response on antibodies blocking specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins |
| Regulatory T cells | dampen the immune response. They release inhibitory cytokines; these cells are important in preventing autoimmune reactions. |
| Cytotoxic cells | recognize antigens associated with an organ transplant |
| T cells | don't recognize self-antigen |
| Interstitial fluid | prevent dangerous swelling in the tissue |
| Right lymphatic & thoracic duct | return their lymph into the blood in large veins in the neck region |
| Thoracic duct | largest lymphatic vessel in the body; 3/4 of the body's lymph drains to |
| Right lymphatic duct | where right upper extremity& right side of head, neck, & upper torso's lymph drains to |
| reticular fibers | suspend the lymph nodules to trap the debris and let immune cells to phagocytize the debris |
| Breast | contains a uniquely extensive network of lymphatic drainage & filtration to drain excess fluid and prevent the spread of infections & cancer |
| Thymus | source of lymphocytes b4 birth & important in maturation |
| Thymosins | secreted by thymus and influence the development of T cells |
| Involution | thymus tissue gets gradually replaced by fat & C.T. |
| Spleen | act as a reservoir for blood that can be returned to the cardiovascular system when needed |
| Splenoctomy | removing of spleen; due to damage & bleeding in spleen |
| White pulp | reservoir for monocytes, which can quickly leave the spleen to help repair damaged tissue in the body during an emergency. |
| Innate chemicals | complement proteins, interferons, & etc. |
| Adaptive chemicals | antibodies & various signaling chemicals |
| Phagocytosis | innate form of immunity |
| Chemotaxis | cytokines attract WBCs to the area, which produce inflammation (heat, redness, pain, & swelling) |
| Complement | plasma proteins (inactive enzymes) that causes lysis (rupture)/ holes of a foreign cell (can be trigger innately or adaptively) |
| Heat & redness in inflammation | caused by + blood flow & vascular permeability which result in tissue swelling & pain |
| Immunization | artificially exposed |
| Interleukins | protein cytokines used by WBC to communicate between cells (both innate & adaptive) |
| Interleukins | involved in producing fever & activating cells of adaptive specific immunity |
| Antigen-antibody complex | antibody neutralize antigen's toxin |
| Antigen-antibody complex | agglutinate enemy cells (sticking together in clumps) for phagocytes to rapidly destroy them |
| Antibodies | promote & enhance phagocytosis |
| Complement cascade | when a antibody combine with antigen's surface, they change the shape of the antibody molecule slightly just enough to expose hidden regions resulting in cell's destruction |
| Complement-binding sites | hidden regions where antibody change shape to fit |
| Complement cascade | donut-shaped protein rings are formed & makes holes in the cell where it allow Na+ to diffuse rapidly into the cell and allow internal osmotic pressure to increase and burse the cell |
| Lymphocytes | NK, B, & T cells |
| Dendritic cell | high branched cell produce in bone marrow where some will remain in the blood but many will migrate to tissue in contact w/in the external environment |
| Macrophages & DC | ingest cell to remove its antigen and displaying on their cell surfaces where it can be presented to other immune cells to trigger additional immune response |
| NK cells | kill tumor cells & virus-infected cells |
| B cell activation | comes in contact w/ certain non-self antigens whose shape fits into B cell's surface antibody; requires cytokine from another T cell |
| B cell clones | made up of plasma (effector) & memory cells |
| Plasma cells | secrete huge numbers of antibodies into the blood |
| Memory B cells | quickly divide to produce clones of plasma & memory cells |
| T cell activation | needs cytokine from another T cell |
Created by:
FuirzH