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Bio Test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cuticle | a watertight sealant that covers the aboveground parts of the plant to protect from desiccation |
| Lignin & cellulose | compounds that harden cell walls |
| Seeds | package an embryo with a food supply |
| Heterospory | the ability to produce very different spore types |
| Self-incompatibility | pollen from the same plant is rejected and pollen tube growth inhibited |
| Cotyledons | embryonic leaf |
| Gymnosperms | ‘naked seeds’ not in fruit |
| Conifer | cone bearing |
| Angiosperms | container seed |
| Autotrophs | nutrients from environment in an inorganic form |
| Heterotrophs | get nutrients as well as energy from an organic form (by eating plants or other animals) |
| Photoautotrophy | use energy from light as food |
| Ecology | the study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
| Abiotic | interactions b/w organisms and their nonliving environment |
| Biotic | interactions among living things |
| Biomes | geographical areas with broadly similar environmental conditions, habitats, biotic communities |
| Circulation | large-scale movement of air/water |
| Niche | described as the position or role a species occupies in a community |
| Occurrence data | where do we find individuals |
| Environmental layers | what habitats variables occur where the individuals occur |
| Homeostasis | stability of the internal environment |
| Poikilothermy | body temperature fluctuates with environment (ectotherms + special cases) |
| Homeothermy | body temperature remains constant (most birds and mammals OR organisms in stable environments) |
| Heterothermy | usually constant body temperature, except during certain periods (such as hibernation) |
| Ectotherms | mostly Poikilotherms – but can have cool adaptations or live in really stable environments |
| Energy Metabolism | chemical energy - heat and work |
| Metabolic rate | energy metabolism/time |
| Metabolic Scaling | it all starts with Surface-to-Volume Ratio |
| Behavior | is the observable response of organisms to internal or external stimuli |
| Behavioral ecology | studies how behavior contributes to the differential survival & reproduction of organisms |
| Proximate causes | shorter days stimulate the eyes and brain to trigger hormonal changes affecting aggression |
| Ultimate causes | aggressive males have an adaptive advantage in securing territory & females (> reproduction) |
| Innate behaviors | genetically programmed (unaffected by the environment) |
| Learned behavior | Based on experience, and modified by the individual |
| Fixed action patterns | innate or genetically programmed behavior |
| Learning | modification of behavior based on previous behavior |
| Habituation | simplest form of learning |
| Associative learning | association develops between stimulus and response |
| Classical conditioning | involuntary response becomes associated positively or negatively with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response (ex: salvilating with bell) |
| Operant conditioning | animal’s behavior reinforced by a consequence (reward or punishment) (ex: trial and error) |
| Cognitive learning | ability to solve problems with conscious thought and without direct environmental feedback |
| Behavior | mix of innate and learned |
| Local movements | movements to find food, water, nesting site |
| Migration | long-range seasonal movement generally linked to seasonal availability of food |
| Optimality theory | predicts an animal should behave in a way that maximizes benefits of a behavior minus its costs |
| Optimal foraging | proposes that an animal seeks to obtain the most energy possible with the least expenditure of energy (= efficiency!) |
| Territory | fixed area in which individual or group excludes others |
| Group living | reduce predation through increased vigilance and protection in numbers |
| Many-eyes hypothesis | by living in groups, individuals may decrease time spent scanning for predators (more feeding) |
| Altruism | Behavior that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself |
| Kin-selection | selection for behavior that lowers an individual’s own fitness, but enhances the success of a genetic relative |
| Reciprocity | selection for behavior that has a cost, but benefits will be received when actors later reciprocate |
| Inclusive fitness | designates the total number of copies of genes passed on through one’s relatives or as one’s own offspring |
| Eusociality | workers (females) help queen raise offspring; will die to defend colony; leave no progeny |
| Haplodiploidy | females are diploid, males are haploid, females are more related to their sisters (0.75) than they would be to their own offspring (0.5) |
| Ecology | the study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
| Population | group of conspecifics living in same place at the same time |
| Population ecology | study of factors affecting population size and how these factors change over space and time |
| Population Size | N- total # of organisms |
| Density | # of organisms in a given area |
| Life History | but it describes how an organism allocates resources to growth, reproduction, etc. over its life |
| Semelparity | produce all offspring in single reproductive event and then die (e.g., most insects) |
| Iteroparity | reproduce and survive to try again in successive years or breeding seasons (e.g. perennial plants) |
| r | fast pace of life (high rate of per capita population growth, r, but poor competitive ability) |
| k | slow pace of life (table populations adapted to exist at or near carrying capacity, K) |
| Survivorship (lx) | proportion of individuals that survive from birth to the beginning of age class x (think of it like probability of a certain longevity) |
| Exponential growth | growth if population was not limited |
| Logistical growth | actual growth taking into consideration carrying capacity |
| Density dependent limits | factors that affect populations as a result of high population size |
| Density independent factors limits | factors unrelated to population size |
| Cohorts | semelparous organisms with same-aged young called |
| Iteroparous organisms | have young of different ages |
| Ecology | the study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
| Community | a set of interacting species that co-occur in space and time |
| Trophic level | the position that an organism occupies in a food chain |
| Indirect effects of consumer | resource interactions which extend through additional trophic levels of the community |
| Keystone species | have effects on ecosystems that are greater than expected based on their abundance and biomass |
| Landscape of Fear | behavioral ecology meets trophic cascade consequences |
| Exploitation Competition | access to light in a forest |
| Interference Competition | preventing others from accessing a resource |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | Two species in the same area that share the same niche (i.e., require the same resources) can not coexist |
| Resource partitioning | differentiation of niches, both in space and time, that enables similar species to coexist in a community |
| Fundamental niche | Niche a species can survive in |
| Realized niche | Niche that species lives in factoring in competition |
| Consumption | occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another, increasing the consumer’s fitness but decreasing the victim’s fitness (+/–) |
| Herbivory | the consumption of plant or algal tissues by herbivores |
| Predation | is the killing and consumption of another individual (the prey) by a predator |
| Parasitism | is the consumption of small amounts of tissues from another organism, or host, by a parasite |
| Disease | symptoms/disorder resulting from infection |
| Parasite | feed on a host (which results in some negative impact for host) |
| Pathogen | microparasite that can cause disease to host after infection |
| Macroparasite | bigger version |
| Host | infected organism supporting parasite |
| Vector | organism transmitting disease to another |
| Reservoir | organism harboring pathogen, but not directly transmitting it |
| Zoonotic disease | transmitted from animal to human |
| Emerging infectious disease | newly IDed disease |
| Epidemiology | ecology of disease (human focus) |
| Direct contact | lower infection risk |
| Indirect contact | no contact needed with other hosts |
| Sylvatic cycle | the part of a pathogen’s life cycle occurring w/in wild animals & vectors. Humans are incidental or dead end hosts |
| Urban cycle | the part of pathogen life cycle b/w vectors & humans or non-wild animals |
| One Health | a multidisciplinary collaborative approach to solving global environmental health challenges |
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