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Unit 1
Chapters 7 and 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| authoritarianism | A form of government or regime that is non-democratic. |
| authoritarian regime | A non-democratic regime. |
| democratic breakdown | The process through which a democratic regime partially or completely loses its democratic status. |
| authoritarian persistence | The ongoing continuation of an authoritarian regime, such that democratic transition does not take place. |
| hybrid regimes | A class of regime that appears to be neither fully democratic nor fully authoritarian, such as electoral authoritarianism, delegative democracy, and illiberal democracy. |
| totalitarian regime | A form of authoritarian regime that aims to control everything about the lives of its subject population, such as in the Soviet Union and in Germany under the Nazis. |
| theocracy | An authoritarian state controlled by religious leaders, or a state with very strict religious restrictions that uses religion as its main mode of legitimation. |
| personalistic dictatorship | A form of authoritarianism in which the personality of the dictator is highlighted. |
| bureaucratic-authoritarian regime | A type of authoritarian regime, common in Latin America and elsewhere in the mid to late twentieth century, that was associated with control of the state more by a group of elites (often military) than by a single individual leader. |
| illiberal democracy | A polity with some democratic features but in which political and civil rights are not all guaranteed or protected. |
| delegative democracies | A hybrid form of regime that is democratic but involves the electorate “delegating” significant authority to a government and a weakened system of checks and balances. |
| electoral authoritarianism | A name applied to situations in which authoritarian regimes nominally compete in elections. |
| competitive authoritarianism | A form of government or regime that allows some political competition, but not enough to qualify as fully democratic. |
| collective action | Action undertaken by individuals and groups to pursue their ends in formally or informally coordinated ways, often in pursuit of some common or public good, such as expanded civil rights or sustainable use of common resources. |
| revolutions | A form of collective action in which some large-scale, structural change is either attempted or accomplished. |
| contention | The name, most associated with scholars like Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, referring to the pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions. |
| collective action | Action undertaken by individuals and groups to pursue their ends in formally or informally coordinated ways, often in pursuit of some common or public good, such as expanded civil rights or sustainable use of common resources. |
| formal institutions | Institutions that are governed by formal rules and typically linked to complex organizations like the state or corporations. |
| social movements | Ongoing, organized collective action oriented toward a goal of social change. |
| social revolutions | Revolutions that dramatically change social structures. |
| insurgencies | Contention with formalized military conflict. |
| civil wars | Sustained military conflict between domestic actors. |
| terrorism | The use of violence to achieve political ends through psychological impacts on a civilian population. |
| everyday resistance | Efforts to resist or obstruct authority that are not clearly organized over time, such as work stoppages, slowdowns, and sabotage. |
| civil society | A space in society outside of the organization of the state in which citizens come together and organize themselves. |
| social networks | Structures of social ties and connections among individuals. |
| organize | The ongoing coordination of collective action in the pursuit of common purposes. |
| social movement organization | An organization that has been created to help maintain and lead social movement activity over time. |
| iron law of oligarchy | The idea, developed by Robert Michels, that collective action always produces new elites. |
| mobilization | The engagement of individuals and groups in sustained contention. |
| class structure | The ongoing and patterned relationships between “classes,” typically understood as groups of individuals linked together by economic interest or activity. |
| Political revolutions | Revolutions for which the main effect is to alter political institutions rather than social and economic structures. |
| coup d’état | The use of force or threat of force, typically by the military or a coalition involving the military, to impose a non-electoral change of government. |
| anti-colonial revolutions | Revolutions brought by subjugated populations against colonial powers, typically with the purpose of removing them so that the society in question can achieve independence. |
| Third World revolutions | A concept developed by John Foran holding that revolutions in the developing world have special characteristics. |
| subaltern | Occupying lower rungs in a hierarchical system. |
| Guerrilla tactics | Military techniques designed to produce ongoing stalemate, usually employed in situations of asymmetric military capability. |
| individualization | The treatment of problems as linked to the interests of individuals rather than as issues of common concern or interest. |
| collective behavior | A paradigm for understanding various forms of contention, popular for part of the twentieth century, that emphasized the irrational, social-psychological dynamics of protest. |
| relative deprivation | The state of having or feeling that one has less than other members of one’s reference group (including one’s own group over time). |
| strain theory | A theory suggesting that major social change causes social “strain” or conflict, which increases demand for revolution. |
| Tocqueville effect | The name given by some scholars to Tocqueville’s observation that changing relative status positions were an important factor in some groups participating in the French Revolution. |
| absolute deprivation | A condition of being deprived of resources below some given threshold, as distinguished from relative deprivation. |
| political opportunities | The availability of political options to redress grievances. |
| state breakdown | Dramatic decline in state capacity. |
| free rider | Someone who benefits from a collective or public good without contributing to it. |
| framing | The way in which a given problem or situation is described and understood, with implications for how it might be addressed. |
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TherealBlueninja