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Unit 8
Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legislatures | Assemblies or bodies of representatives with the authority to make laws. |
| Bicameral legislatures | Legislature with two chambers, which may have equal or unequal powers. |
| chambers | Assemblies or bodies of a legislature, often referring to the two bodies in a bicameral legislature. |
| lower chamber | In a bicameral legislature, the body that typically has a larger number of legislators than the upper chamber and often represents the national vote, either more proportionally or through smaller geographic constituencies. |
| upper chamber | The body in a bicameral legislature that is usually smaller in number of legislators, often representing larger geographic constituencies such as states or provinces. |
| Unicameral legislatures | Legislatures with a single chamber. |
| congress | A form of legislature, typically associated with a presidential system in which there is a separation of powers. |
| parliament | A type of legislature, often associated with systems in which the legislators vote on the leadership of the executive branch and the formation of a government. |
| District systems | Electoral systems in which voters select representatives from specific geographic constituencies. |
| constituency | A group of voters or a geographic district that legislators or other elected officials represent. |
| single-member district (SMD) | Electoral system in which voters choose a candidate and the winner is elected by the most votes earned or through winning a runoff vote. |
| first-past-the-post | Electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes is elected, regardless of whether a majority has been attained. |
| runoff | Electoral system in which the top candidates after a first round of voting compete in one or more additional rounds of voting until a candidate receives a majority. |
| multimember district (MMD) | Electoral system in which district constituencies have more than one representative. |
| single-nontransferable vote (SNTV) | Electoral system in which voters rank candidates and the winners’ surplus votes are reallocated to other, lower-ranking candidates until a slate of representatives is chosen. |
| Proportional representation (PR) | In its pure form, an electoral system in which voters choose a preferred party and seats are allocated to parties according to the percentage of the vote the party wins. |
| open-list proportional representation | Electoral system in which voters choose a candidate but votes are aggregated by political party to determine the allocation of seats across parties. |
| alternative vote | Voting system in which voters rank candidates and the votes of low-ranking candidates are reallocated until a winner is determined. |
| single transferable vote (STV) | Electoral system in which voters rank candidates and the winners’ surplus votes are reallocated to other, lower-ranking candidates until a slate of representatives is chosen. |
| strategic voting | Voting in a way that does not reflect a voter’s ideal preference, so as to prevent a less-desired outcome. |
| Indirect election | Electoral system in which representatives are chosen by other elected officials rather than directly by the citizenry at large. |
| representation | In legislatures, the process by which elected legislators reflect the interests and preferences of voters in their constituencies. |
| apportionment | The process by which legislative seats are distributed among geographic constituencies. |
| districting | The process by which districts or other geographic constituencies are created for the purposes of elections. |
| gerrymandering | Creation of districts of irregular shape or composition in order to achieve a desired political result. |
| Malapportionment | Apportionment in which voters are unequally represented in a legislature, such as through relatively greater numbers of legislators per capita for low-population areas and lesser number of legislators per capita for high-population areas. |
| committees | In a legislature, bodies composed of a group of legislators convened to perform a certain set of tasks. |
| executive–legislative relations | The set of political relationships between the executive branch of government, which executes laws/policies, and the legislative branch, which often has the authority to pass those laws/policies. |
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